Questions and Answers
What is the function of a ribosome?
What occupies the space between the cell membrane and nucleus?
cytoplasm
The nuclear envelope separates nuclear contents from the cytoplasm.
True
What do microfilaments help the cell to do?
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What is the centrosome?
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What is the primary function of mitochondria?
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What do lysosomes contain?
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Cilia are motile processes that are numerous and short, associated with some cells or move ______ across the membrane.
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What are microtubules primarily composed of?
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What do microvilli do?
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What is nucleoplasm?
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What do peroxisomes contain?
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What is chromatin composed of?
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What does the nucleolus synthesize?
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What is a vesicle/vacuole?
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What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
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What does the cell membrane do?
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What are inclusions?
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What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum comprised of?
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What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the nucleus?
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What do centrioles do?
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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Study Notes
Cellular Components and Functions
- Ribosome: Small RNA-containing particles crucial for protein synthesis, utilize genetic information from DNA in the nucleus.
- Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance filling the area between the cell membrane and nucleus, where organelles are located.
- Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane structure that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm, controlling material exchange.
- Microfilaments: Composed of tiny rods, they create meshworks or bundles that assist in cell contraction and movement.
- Centrosome: Nonmembranous organelle that contains centrioles, pivotal for cell division.
Energy and Recycling
- Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouses of the cell, they convert food molecules into energy, break down fatty acids, and recycle cellular components.
- Lysosomes: Membranous sacs filled with digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
- Peroxisomes: Enzymatic organelles that catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, aiding in detoxification.
Cellular Structures and Motility
- Cilia: Short, motile extensions on cell surfaces, involved in the movement of fluids across the membrane; numerous in number.
- Microtubule: Slender tubes that facilitate movement in cilia and flagella, also a key component of the cytoskeleton providing structural support.
- Microvilli: Nonmembranous projections that increase surface area for absorption, particularly prevalent in intestinal cells.
Genetic Material and Ribosome Synthesis
- Nucleoplasm: The viscous fluid within the nucleus, housing chromatin and nucleolus.
- Chromatin: Loosely coiled fibers of DNA and proteins found within the nucleus, crucial for gene expression and DNA replication.
- Nucleolus: Dense structure in the nucleus responsible for synthesizing ribosomal RNA and assembling ribosomal subunits.
Cellular Transport and Packaging
- Vesicle/Vacuole: Membranous sacs formed from the membrane that can transport or store substances within the cell.
- Golgi Apparatus: Stack of flattened membrane sacs involved in packaging, modifying, and distributing proteins and lipids within the cell.
Membrane and Structural Elements
- Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane): Selective barrier that surrounds the cell, regulating the entry and exit of substances.
- Inclusions: Various cellular products like pigments (e.g., melanin), which are not membrane-bound and serve specialized functions.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Variants
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Composed of membrane-bound sacs and vesicles involved in the synthesis of lipids and metabolism of carbohydrates.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Similar structure to SER, but studded with ribosomes, playing a key role in protein synthesis and processing.
Cell Structure and Organization
- Nucleus: Spherical organelle that houses chromatin and nucleolus, the control center of the cell.
- Centrioles: Paired structures that are essential for organizing microtubules during cell division, facilitating proper chromosome separation.
- Cytoskeleton: Network of protein filaments and tubules providing the cell with shape, support, and facilitating movement.
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Test your knowledge of the essential components of cells with these flashcards from Biology Chapter 3. Each card covers a key term related to cell structure, including organelles and their functions. Perfect for revision or quick quizzes.