AP Biology Unit 2 Cell Structure Review

Questions and Answers

What is the structure and function of the ribosome?

Ribosomes consist of RNA and proteins and they help with synthesizing proteins. There is a large and small subunit.

How does the structure of the ribosome aid in the function?

The structure of the ribosome allows proteins to be made inside or outside the cell.

What are the three types of RNA involved in the structure or function of the ribosome?

messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA), ribosomal (rRNA)

How does the ribosome demonstrate a common ancestry of all known life?

All life forms have ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of the rough ER?

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a series of connected flattened sacs, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that plays a central role in the transport of proteins made on its attached ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the rough ER aid in the function?

It allows for the production, folding, quality control, and dispatch of some proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of the smooth ER?

It is a network of membranes called cisternae, held together by the cytoskeleton, and functions in synthesizing lipids and phospholipids. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the smooth ER aid in the function?

Smooth ER separates the cell into compartments for metabolic processes, allowing efficient handling of synthesis and storage. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the ribosome and the rough ER?

Ribosomes attach to the rough ER and insert the proteins being made into the rough ER for intracellular transport to Golgi for modification and export. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of the Golgi?

The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle that traffics, processes, and sorts newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the Golgi aid in the function?

It packages proteins into vesicles so they can be transported in or out of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?

It is a membrane-bound organelle that consists of an outer and inner membrane that produces energy for the cell by breaking down carbohydrates and producing ATP. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the mitochondria aid in the function?

The inner membrane folds increase surface area, allowing for more ATP to be formed quickly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of the lysosome?

It is a small membrane-bound organelle that has an acidic interior, responsible for breaking down excess or worn-out cell parts and destroying invading viruses and bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the lysosome aid in the function?

The membrane surrounding the lysosome keeps proteolytic enzymes separated from the rest of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A membrane-bound organelle that is generally small and circular in structure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the food vacuole?

It is used for the storage of nutrients, water, or waste. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the central vacuole?

In plants, it helps to maintain water balance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the contractile vacuole?

To maintain the constant osmotic pressure in the fluids of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ribosome Structure and Function

Composed of RNA and proteins, ribosomes synthesize proteins.
Consist of two subunits: large and small.
Three types of RNA involved:
- mRNA: Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome.
- tRNA: Transfers specific amino acids to ribosome based on codon-anticodon matching.
- rRNA: Joins with proteins to form ribosomal structure, facilitating protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are present in all life forms, indicating common ancestry.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

Composed of interconnected, flattened sacs, part of the eukaryotic cell's membrane system.
Synthesizes and transports proteins made on its attached ribosomes.
Structure supports protein production, folding, quality control, and dispatch.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

Composed of a network of membranes (cisternae) linked by the cytoskeleton.
Synthesizes lipids, including phospholipids and steroids.
Functions in toxin breakdown (in liver cells) and calcium ion storage/release (in muscle cells).
Compartmentalization enhances metabolic efficiency.

Relationship between Ribosome and Rough ER

Ribosomes attach to the rough ER, inserting proteins for intracellular transport.
Proteins are modified and exported through the Golgi apparatus.

Golgi Apparatus

A membrane-bound organelle responsible for processing, sorting, and trafficking proteins and lipids.
Known by various names: Golgi Bodies, Golgi Apparatus, Golgi Complex.

Mitochondria Structure and Function

Membrane-bound organelle with an outer and inner membrane.
Produces ATP by breaking down carbohydrates.
Inner membrane's folds (cristae) increase surface area for ATP production.

Lysosome Structure and Function

Small, membrane-bound organelle with an acidic interior.
Breaks down excess or damaged cellular components and assists in destroying pathogens.
Contains proteolytic enzymes, kept separate from the cell's cytoplasm by a protective membrane.

Vacuole Structure and Functions

Membrane-bound organelles that can be small and circular (food vacuoles) or large (central vacuole in plants).
Food Vacuole: Stores nutrients and waste.
Central Vacuole: Maintains water balance in plant cells.
Contractile Vacuole: Regulates osmotic pressure in specific cell types.

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Prepare for your AP Biology Unit 2 exam with these flashcards focused on cell structures, particularly ribosomes. Each card covers the structure, function, and relevance of ribosomes along with their role in protein synthesis.