Biology Chapter 2: Structure and Function

Questions and Answers

What is the safe limit for MSG consumption per kilogram of body weight?

200 mg

100 mg

150 mg

120 mg (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a natural method of food preservation?

Salting

Smoking

Freezing (correct)

Sugaring

Which type of vitamins must be consumed daily because they cannot be stored in the body?

Water-Soluble Vitamins (correct)

Macronutrients

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Minerals

What is an example of an artificial preservative?

Sodium benzoate Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of macro elements required by the body?

Sodium and Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of food additives?

To enhance flavor, color, preservation, aroma, and texture Signup and view all the answers

How should a plate be divided when using the 'My Plate' method for a balanced diet?

2/3 vegetables, 1/3 fruits, then 2/3 carbohydrates, 1/3 protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a natural sweetener?

Table Sugar Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples is an aroma additive?

Vanilla extract Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of overconsumption of preservatives?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

What health issues can arise from excessive consumption of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)?

Headaches and dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about synthetic food color additives is true?

They can cause diseases like cancer. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods should be limited for a healthy diet?

Packaged foods Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the most important nutrient in the human body?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances serves as a thickener in food?

Agar-agar Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of diarrhea?

Infection by bacteria or protozoa Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vitamins can be stored in the body's fat tissues?

Fat-Soluble Vitamins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with diarrhea?

Hard, dry stools Signup and view all the answers

What dietary recommendation can help prevent constipation?

Drink plenty of water Signup and view all the answers

Gastritis is primarily caused by which of the following?

Bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is commonly experienced in appendicitis?

Inflammation and swelling of the appendix Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is essential in preventing gastritis?

Washing hands before eating Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of food in living organisms?

To provide calories for energy Signup and view all the answers

How many calories do men generally need per day?

2,500 calories Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of nutrients?

Enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily released when food is converted into energy?

Calories Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate includes sugars like glucose and fructose?

Simple Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

What can result from consuming more calories than the body needs?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

How many calories does each gram of carbohydrate provide?

4.1 calories Signup and view all the answers

What crucial balance do carbohydrates help maintain in the body?

Acid-base balance Signup and view all the answers

What role does saliva play in the digestive process?

It contains amylase, which breaks down starch into glucose. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle action is responsible for pushing food down the esophagus?

Peristalsis Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme?

The thick liquid food becomes after mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach. Signup and view all the answers

Which organ primarily absorbs water and processes undigested food?

Large Intestine Signup and view all the answers

Where is bile produced and stored in the digestive system?

Liver; gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of villi in the small intestine?

To increase surface area for nutrient absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

To assist in the breakdown of proteins and kill bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure prevents food from entering the windpipe during swallowing?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Food and Digestive System

Food is essential for sustenance, growth, and energy for activities.
Calories in food provide energy, with daily needs varying per individual; men typically require 2,500 calories, while women need about 2,000.
Nutrients from food, essential for body functionality, are divided into six categories: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

Nutrients Overview

Carbohydrates:
- Serve as an energy source (4.1 calories per gram).
- Help maintain acid-base balance, support metabolic activities, and contribute to cell structures.
- Includes simple carbohydrates (sugars) and complex carbohydrates.
Vitamins:
- Water-soluble (B and C vitamins) must be consumed daily; fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) can be stored in body fat.
- Deficiencies can lead to various health issues.
Minerals:
- Essential for body processes; must be ingested as the body cannot produce them.
- Macro elements such as sodium, chloride, and calcium are needed in larger quantities.
Water:
- Comprises 70% of the body, crucial for temperature regulation and waste removal.
- Daily intake recommendation is approximately 2 liters.

Food Additives

Sweeteners:
- Natural (sugar varieties) and artificial (aspartame, sorbitol) can lead to health issues when consumed excessively.
Color Additives:
- Enhance visual appeal; natural options are safe, but synthetic ones may pose health risks.
Flavor Enhancers:
- Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) can improve taste but should be consumed within safe limits (120 mg per kg of body weight).
Preservatives:
- Extend shelf life. Natural methods include salting; synthetic preservatives can pose health risks with excessive consumption.
Aroma Additives:
- Mimic natural fruit scents to enhance food appeal.
Thickeners and Emulsifiers:
- Stabilize and improve food texture; examples include agar and lecithin.

Healthy Diet Recommendations

A balanced diet involves choosing nutritious foods and controlling portion sizes rather than just reducing food intake.
The "My Plate" method suggests portioning: half for vegetables and fruits, the other half divided between carbohydrates and proteins.
Drink at least 8 glasses of water daily, practice hand hygiene, and engage in regular physical activity (30 minutes minimum).

Functions of Digestive Organs

Mouth: Mechanical and chemical digestion; saliva contains amylase to break down starches.
Esophagus: Connects mouth to stomach; uses peristalsis to move food, while the epiglottis prevents food entry into the windpipe.
Stomach: Continues mechanical and chemical digestion with gastric juices to break down proteins into amino acids.
Small Intestine: Site for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption; villi increase surface area for absorption.
Large Intestine: Absorbs water and processes waste; contains beneficial bacteria that produce Vitamin K.

Digestive Disorders

Diarrhea: Causes dehydration from rapid movement through the intestines; prevention includes hygiene practices.
Constipation: Results from slow bowel movement leading to hard stools; prevention encourages fiber intake and hydration.
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining caused by infection or dietary habits; prevention emphasizes regular meals and avoiding irritants.
Appendicitis: Infection of the appendix leading to inflammation and pus; requires medical attention for treatment.

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Description

Explore the essential role of food in the digestive system of living things in this quiz. Learn how food contributes to growth, energy, and the overall functioning of the body. Test your knowledge on key concepts related to the structure and function of living organisms.