Biology Chapter 10 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the name given to the process where a cell is programmed to slow down and eventually stop dividing?

  • Apoptosis (correct)
  • Meiosis
  • Mitosis
  • Cytokinesis

Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Telophase
  • Anaphase (correct)

What is the primary function of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

  • Production of gametes for sexual reproduction
  • Repair and maintenance of tissues (correct)
  • Genetic recombination for diversity
  • Reduction of chromosome number in daughter cells

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of apoptosis?

<p>Leads to the formation of a tumor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the nuclear envelope disappearing during prophase of mitosis?

<p>It allows for the attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the daughter cells produced during mitosis and those produced during meiosis?

<p>Daughter cells from mitosis are genetically identical to the parent cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of cancer cells?

<p>Uncontrolled cell division. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis?

<p>They are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's observations of the Galapagos finches supported the idea that species:

<p>can adapt to their environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin’s observation of the Megatherium skull on the Argentinian coast near Buenos Aires supported the idea that:

<p>species can evolve from extinct ancestors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's reading of Lyell's Principles of Geology during his voyage on the HMS Beagle influenced his thinking by:

<p>emphasizing the importance of gradual change over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's observation of marine fossils found high above sea level indicated that:

<p>the Earth's surface is constantly changing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The idea that organisms are well-suited to their environment can be best described by which of the following terms?

<p>Adaptation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Darwin's observations on the HMS Beagle led him to propose which of these ideas?

<p>Species change over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a significant aspect of Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle?

<p>Developing the theory of natural selection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Darwin's observation of the Megatherium skull significant?

<p>It proved that all species are related to each other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher similarity in DNA sequences between two species indicate?

<p>They share a more recent common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of cladistics in classifying organisms?

<p>The evolutionary innovations or new characteristics of organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes shared derived characters?

<p>They are features specific to a group, indicating common ancestry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a shared character?

<p>Hair in mammals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are reptiles, birds, and mammals grouped together as amniotes?

<p>Due to the presence of a specific embryonic structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of homologous structures in organisms indicate?

<p>They share a common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used to differentiate organisms?

<p>Morphological similarities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can biochemical similarities between organisms indicate?

<p>They may share evolutionary relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do scientists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent?

<p>To provide evidence for phylogenetic relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'theory' imply in a scientific context?

<p>An explanation supported by evidence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about embryological similarities is correct?

<p>Adult organisms of some species show no embryological similarities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the theory of evolution?

<p>Modern species share a common ancestor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception did people hold about the earth prior to the 1800s?

<p>It was less than 10,000 years old (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a 'molecular clock' play in understanding evolutionary relationships?

<p>It assesses similarities in proteins and DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does genetic similarity indicate about two organisms?

<p>They may share a common ancestor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who initially proposed that acquired traits could be inherited?

<p>Lamarck (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What observation can be made about fossils in relation to current organisms?

<p>Current organisms have similarities to some extinct organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supported the theory of uniformitarianism?

<p>Rates of erosion and sedimentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two figures contributed significantly to the study of fossils in comparing past species to current ones?

<p>Smith and Cuvier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does evolutionary theory attempt to explain?

<p>The diversity of life on Earth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts conflicts with modern evolutionary theory?

<p>Species are immutable and fixed creations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kingdom is characterized by prokaryotic organisms without peptidoglycan cell walls?

<p>Archaebacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of cell organization, which kingdoms primarily contain unicellular organisms?

<p>Eubacteria and Archaebacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that keeps organisms apart?

<p>Cellular structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nutrition describes organisms that acquire food from other organisms?

<p>Heterotrophs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components of the cell structure in Eubacteria?

<p>Peptidoglycan cell walls (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these kingdoms is primarily multicellular and capable of photosynthesis?

<p>Plantae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of organisms that are unicellular and lack a nucleus?

<p>Prokaryotic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes organs' capabilities related to respiration?

<p>To release energy from food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples represents a heterotrophic organism?

<p>Mammals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are must-have processes for all living organisms according to the classification?

<p>Nutrition and Reproduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cladistics

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared derived characteristics.

Shared Characters

Features that are shared by all members of a group, inherited from a common ancestor.

Derived Characters

Features that evolved uniquely within a specific group, not inherited from a common ancestor.

DNA Similarity and Evolutionary Divergence

The closer the DNA sequences of two species, the more recently they shared a common ancestor.

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Amino Acid Sequence Differences and Evolutionary Divergence

The more differences in amino acid sequences between two organisms, the longer ago they diverged from a common ancestor.

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Homologous structures

Structures in different species that have similar underlying anatomy due to shared ancestry, but may be adapted for different functions.

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Analogous structures

These structures are similar in function but have very different underlying anatomy, suggesting they evolved independently. Example: butterfly wing and bird wing.

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Vestigial structures

Structures that have lost their original function due to evolutionary changes, often reduced in size. For example, a human appendix.

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Homology and evolutionary relationships

The greater the number of homologous structures two organisms share, the more closely related they are thought to be.

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Biochemical similarities

Similarities in the chemical compounds found within cells can be used as evidence of relationships between organisms.

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Genetic similarities

Two organisms that may look very different can still share similar genes in their DNA, suggesting a common ancestor.

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Embryological similarities

Comparing how embryos develop can reveal similarities between organisms that may be hidden in adults. Example: amnion in reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Phylogeny

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms, showing lines of descent.

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Autotroph

An organism that creates its own food through processes like photosynthesis.

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Heterotroph

An organism that gets its food from other organisms.

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Prokaryotic

A single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus.

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Eukaryotic

A multi-celled organism with a nucleus in each cell.

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Kingdoms

The six main categories used to classify living organisms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

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Domains

Three major categories used to classify living things based on their cell structure: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

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Nutrition

The process of organisms taking in nutrients for growth and survival.

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Respiration

The process organisms use to release energy from food for cellular processes.

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Excretion

The release of waste products from an organism's cells.

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Reproduction

The process of organisms producing offspring.

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Apoptosis

The process by which cells are programmed to die, crucial for development and removing damaged cells.

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Cancer Cell Division

Continuous cell division without stopping, leading to the formation of a tumor.

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Mitosis

The process of cell division that creates two identical daughter cells, essential for growth and repair.

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Prophase (Mitosis)

The stage where chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the mitotic spindle forms.

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Metaphase (Mitosis)

The stage where chromosomes line up at the center (metaphase plate) of the cell, attached to the spindle fibers.

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Anaphase (Mitosis)

The stage where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase (Mitosis)

The stage where chromosomes reach opposite poles, the nuclear envelope reforms around each set, and the cell prepares to divide (cytokinesis).

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm, which occurs after the nuclear division (mitosis), resulting in two separate daughter cells.

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Scientific Theory

A widely accepted explanation in science, supported by a vast amount of evidence from observations, experiments, and reasoning.

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Evolution

The process of change over time in living organisms, leading to the diversity of life on Earth.

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Uniformitarianism

The idea that Earth's features were formed by slow, gradual processes that continue today, like erosion and volcanic activity.

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Paleontology

The study of past life forms based on fossils found in rock layers.

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Special Creation

The idea that species are fixed and unchanging, created by a divine being, and have existed in their current form since the beginning.

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Lamarckism

The theory that organisms acquire traits during their lifetime and pass them on to their offspring, like a giraffe stretching its neck to reach leaves.

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Transmutation of Species

The idea that species can change over time, with new species emerging from existing ones.

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Evolutionary Change

A change in the heritable traits of a population over time.

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Adaptation to Local Environments

Different species of the same animal type that live in different environments within a specific area will have unique features that allow them to best survive in those areas.

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Darwin's Finches

Darwin observed that finches on different Galapagos Islands had distinct beak shapes, suggesting they adapted to specific food sources on each island.

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Evidence of Evolution from Fossils

Darwin's observation that species changed over time was supported by his discovery of fossils, like the Megatherium skull in Argentina.

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Gradualism in Geology

Darwin was inspired by Lyell's theory of gradualism, which explained how gradual changes in the Earth's crust over long periods could lead to dramatic changes in landforms.

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Collecting Flora and Fauna

Darwin meticulously collected samples of plants and animals, documenting their features and observing how they interacted with their surroundings.

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Organisms Well-Suited to Their Environments

Darwin observed that many organisms are incredibly well-suited to their specific habitats, indicating a relationship between environment and species characteristics.

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Darwin's Notebooks

Darwin's observations and collections during his expeditions led him to carefully note down his discoveries and share them with the scientific community.

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Voyage of the HMS Beagle

Darwin's remarkable voyage on the HMS Beagle provided him with invaluable experiences and evidence that eventually led to his groundbreaking theory of evolution.

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Study Notes

Biology Exam Review

  • Ian Hobdari is the instructor
  • Topics covered by the review include: Diversity of Living Things, Genetics, Evolution, and Animal Systems
  • Lessons 1-4, 1-8, 1-6, and 1-4 respectively, for Diversity of Living Things, Genetics, Evolution, and Animal Systems, are included in the review.

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Biology Exam Review PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biology Chapter 10, focusing on cell division, mitosis, and significant observations made by Darwin. This quiz covers apoptosis, cancer characteristics, and the evolutionary implications of Darwin's research. Challenge yourself with these important biological processes.

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