Cell Division and Mitosis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What happens to a cell's volume and surface area as the cell increases in size?

  • Volume increases at the same rate as surface area.
  • Volume increases slower than surface area.
  • Surface area increases faster than volume.
  • Volume increases faster than surface area. (correct)

During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

  • Interphase
  • M phase (correct)
  • Synthesis
  • G1 phase

What is a significant disadvantage of larger cells?

  • Higher surface area for waste removal.
  • Increased nutrient absorption efficiency.
  • Ability to replicate DNA faster.
  • Inefficiency in transporting materials. (correct)

Which statement best describes apoptosis?

<p>It is a form of programmed cell death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction?

<p>It introduces genetic variation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis II in terms of chromosome sets?

<p>Four haploid cells are formed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of sex chromosomes results in female offspring according to the diagram?

<p>An X chromosome from sperm and an X chromosome from egg. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of meiosis in sex chromosome inheritance?

<p>Meiosis ensures the equal distribution of sex chromosomes into gametes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the diagram indicate about the visual representation of sex chromosomes?

<p>Colored bars represent different chromosome types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does the initial cell divide into daughter cells?

<p>Meiosis I. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

<p>Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

<p>Metaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to chromatids during anaphase?

<p>They migrate to opposite poles of the cell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events characterizes telophase?

<p>Chomosomes begin to disappear. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key structures disappear during prophase?

<p>Nuclear envelope and nucleoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

<p>To replicate genetic information by dividing the nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are phases of mitosis?

<p>Anaphase (B), Prophase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes cancer cells compared to normal cells?

<p>They exhibit uncontrolled growth and division. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of cancer cells crowding out normal cells?

<p>Loss of tissue function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer cells fail in their normal cycle of reproduction?

<p>Their mechanism to reproduce and die malfunctions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cell division in multicellular organisms?

<p>For development, growth, and repair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the cell's life span is comprised of interphase?

<p>90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects sister chromatids?

<p>Centromere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about chromosomes during interphase is true?

<p>They are not visible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main event that occurs during prophase I of meiosis?

<p>Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?

<p>Four (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

<p>Anaphase II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between meiosis and mitosis?

<p>Meiosis results in four daughter cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell for the first time?

<p>Metaphase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cytokinesis occurs in animal cells?

<p>Constriction of the cell membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do spindle fibers play during cell division?

<p>They attach to the centromere and separate chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cytokinesis in plant cells?

<p>A new structure called the cell plate forms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes nondisjunction?

<p>It occurs when chromosomes fail to separate correctly during cell division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is differentiation in the context of cell biology?

<p>The transformation of unspecialized cells into specialized cells with distinct functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sex Chromosome Inheritance

The process of passing down X and Y chromosomes from parents to offspring during reproduction.

Meiosis

A two-part cell division process creating haploid cells with half the chromosome number.

Meiosis I

The first division of meiosis, separating homologous chromosomes.

Meiosis II

The second division of meiosis, separating sister chromatids.

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Fertilization

The fusion of a sperm and egg, creating a zygote with a complete set of chromosomes.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

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Cell volume vs. surface area

As a cell grows larger, its volume increases faster than its surface area, which limits cell size

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Advantage of sexual reproduction

Combines genetic material from two parents, creating greater genetic diversity

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Chromosome visibility in cell cycle

Chromosomes are ONLY visible during cell division (M phase)

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Cell cycle order

Interphase (G1, S, G2) followed by M phase (mitosis)

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Mitosis

The process of dividing a cell's nucleus to replicate DNA

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm after mitosis, creating two daughter cells

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Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth and division in multicellular organisms.

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Tumor

A mass of abnormal cells formed by uncontrolled cell growth

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Cell cycle control

The system that regulates cell growth and division

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Prophase

The first stage of mitosis, where the chromatin condenses and the nuclear envelope disappears.

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Metaphase

The second stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

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Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

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Telophase

The final stage of mitosis, where chromosomes decondense, and the nuclear envelope reforms.

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Mitosis Stages

The order of events (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) that lead to the division of a single cell into two.

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Cell Division Role

In multicellular organisms, cell division is essential for growth, repair, and development from a single cell.

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M Phase Definition

The cell division phase of the cell cycle, encompassing both mitosis and cytokinesis.

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S Phase Function

The stage of interphase where DNA replication occurs, creating identical copies of DNA.

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Interphase Role

The longest phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows, develops, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division.

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Sister Chromatids Connection

Identical copies of DNA joined together at the centromere.

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Meiosis I

The first stage of meiosis, involving the separation of homologous chromosomes.

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Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of Meiosis I.

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Meiosis II

The second stage of meiosis; the sister chromatids separate, similar to mitosis.

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Haploid Daughter Cells

Cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, produced through meiosis.

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Genetic Variation

The difference in genetic material between organisms. Meiosis produces this through crossing-over and independent assortment.

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Cytokinesis in animal cells

The process of dividing the cytoplasm of a cell during cell division, pinching off the middle of the cell to form two new daughter cells

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Spindle Fibers function

Rope-like structures connecting to chromosomes during cell division to separate them into new daughter cells.

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Cell plate formation

The process of creating a new cell wall structure in plant cells during cytokinesis.

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How tumors form

Uncontrolled cell growth leading to abnormally growing tissue masses in the body.

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Cell differentiation

The process where unspecialized cells become specialized cells with specific functions and structure.

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Study Notes

Cell Division

  • Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for:

    • Development
    • Growth
    • Repair

  • Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells.

Phases of Mitosis

  • Prophase

  • Metaphase

  • Anaphase

  • Telophase

  • See above for details of each phase.

Stages of Cell Division

  • Mitosis and cytokinesis are the two main stages of cell division.

Apoptosis

  • Not every cell is destined to survive.
  • Some cells go through apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
  • Often the lysosomes will open allowing the acid to escape and destroying the cell.

Cell Size

  • As a cell becomes larger, what happens to the volume and its surface area?
  • Cells have a limit to how big they can get due to several factors.
  • As the cell becomes larger, its volume increases faster than its surface area.

Nutrients, energy, and waste

  • The larger they are, the more nutrients, energy, and materials it will need, and the more waste they will produce.
  • They become much less efficient in transporting into and out of the cell, as well as within it when the volume greatly exceeds the surface area.

Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction

  • Genetic information goes from mother and father to child in sexual reproduction.

Cell Cycle

  • When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

    • Only during the cell division are the chromosomes visible.

  • What are the events/order of the cell cycle starting with interphase?

    • Gap 1 (G1): growing, carrying out normal cellular functions, and preparing to replicate DNA
    • Synthesis (S): copying DNA to prepare for division
    • Gap 2 (G2): preparing for the division of nucleus
    • M phase - mitosis happens

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Description

Explore the essential processes of cell division, including the stages of mitosis and the significance of apoptosis. This quiz covers key concepts such as the phases of mitosis and the implications of cell size on nutrient and waste management. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular processes.

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