Cell Division and Mitosis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is binary fission?

Process by which bacterial cells and prokaryotes divide.

What is cancer?

A disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated.

What is the cell cycle?

The process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divides to form two new cells, referred to as daughter cells.

What is cell division?

<p>The process in which one cell divides to form two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

<p>Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA replication?

<p>The process in which all of the nuclear DNA is copied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is interphase?

<p>Phase of the cell cycle that includes G1, S, and G2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis?

<p>Process in which the nucleus of the cell divides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a tumor?

<p>An abnormal mass of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the G1 checkpoint?

<p>Makes the key decision of whether the cell should divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the S checkpoint determine?

<p>Determines if the DNA has been replicated properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the S phase?

<p>Phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is copied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell division is the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytosol and the organelles of the cytoplasm.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis is the process of nuclear division.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

DNA replication results in two different chromosomes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cell spends most of its life in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The S checkpoint makes the decision of whether or not the cell should divide.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In bacterial cells, all organelles must replicate prior to mitosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Loss of control of the cell cycle may lead to the growth of abnormal cells called a tumor.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organelles are replicated during the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotes, DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

All cells divide by the process of mitosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells undergo cell division?

<p>Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is cell division for eukaryotic cells complicated?

<p>Because of organelles, nucleus, and multiple chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase is the cell only concerned with routine metabolic processes and growing?

<p>G1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the cell cycle in eukaryotes?

<p>G1, S, G2, M</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of prokaryotic cell division?

<p>DNA Replication → Chromosome Segregation → Cytokinesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which checkpoint decides if DNA has been copied properly?

<p>S Checkpoint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do cells spend most of their time?

<p>Interphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chromatin?

<p>Form of DNA when the cell is not dividing; uncoiled, stringy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chromosome?

<p>Form of DNA when the cell is preparing to divide/dividing; condensed, coiled, X-shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a histone?

<p>Strand of DNA wrapped two times around histone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a centromere do?

<p>Joins chromosomes together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

<p>Instructions for how to make a protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is prophase?

<p>Longest phase of mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during prophase?

<p>Chromatin condenses to chromosomes, nuclear envelope disappears, centrioles move to opposite ends of cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during metaphase?

<p>Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach to each centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during anaphase?

<p>Centromeres divide and sister chromatids separate, each sister chromatid moves to opposite sides of the cell, pulled by spindle fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during telophase?

<p>Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, nuclear envelope reforms, spindle breaks down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

<p>Division of cytoplasm - cytosol and organelles, forms two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cytokinesis in animals?

<p>Cleavage furrow pinches cell in two, from the outside to the inside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during cytokinesis in plants?

<p>Cell plate forms between them, from the middle to the outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Division Processes

  • Binary Fission: Division method of prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) that involves DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and separation.
  • Cancer: Results from unregulated cell cycle processes leading to abnormal cell growth and tumor formation.
  • Cell Cycle: Sequence of events where a parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells; includes interphase and mitotic phase.

Phases of the Cell Cycle

  • Interphase: Consists of G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (final preparations for division).
    • Growth Phase 1 (G1): Rapid cell growth and metabolic activity.
    • Synthesis Phase (S): DNA and histones are replicated to form identical chromosomes.
    • Growth Phase 2 (G2): Preparation for mitosis; organelles replicate.

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

  • Mitosis: Nuclear division resulting in two genetically identical nuclei.
    • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; nuclear envelope disintegrates; centrioles move apart.
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the mitotic plate; spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
    • Telophase: Chromatids de-condense into chromatin; nuclear envelope re-forms; spindle fibers disintegrate.
  • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm leading to the formation of two daughter cells.
    • In Animals: Cleavage furrow forms and pinches the cell from outside inward.
    • In Plants: A cell plate forms in the middle and expands outward.

Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle

  • G1 Checkpoint: Determines whether the cell should proceed to division.
  • S Checkpoint: Checks for proper DNA replication before cell continues through the cycle.
  • Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint: Ensures chromosomes are correctly aligned at the metaphase plate before anaphase.

Genetic Considerations

  • Chromatin: DNA uncoiled and dispersed during interphase; appears stringy.
  • Chromosomes: Condensed, X-shaped structures formed during cell division; contain genetic information.
  • Centromere: Region of the chromosome joined by sister chromatids, crucial for proper segregation during mitosis.

Key Terminology and Concepts

  • Gene: Unit of heredity containing instructions for protein synthesis.
  • Tumor: Abnormal growth of cells due to disrupted cell cycle control.
  • True/False Knowledge: Understand key concepts like the distinctions between cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the role of checkpoints, and the phases of mitosis.

Summary of Key Points

  • Cell Division: Essential for growth, repair, and reproduction in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
  • Importance of Control: Proper regulation of the cell cycle is necessary to prevent diseases such as cancer.
  • Interphase Duration: Cells spend the majority of their life in G1, preparing for potential division.

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Description

Explore the fascinating processes of cell division, including binary fission in prokaryotes and the intricate phases of the cell cycle. This quiz will test your knowledge on interphase, mitosis, and the implications of cancer as a result of cell cycle regulation. Understand how cells replicate and prepare for division.

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