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Questions and Answers
What is binary fission?
What is binary fission?
Process by which bacterial cells and prokaryotes divide.
What is cancer?
What is cancer?
A disease that occurs when the cell cycle is no longer regulated.
What is the cell cycle?
What is the cell cycle?
The process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divides to form two new cells, referred to as daughter cells.
What is cell division?
What is cell division?
What is cytokinesis?
What is cytokinesis?
What is DNA replication?
What is DNA replication?
What is interphase?
What is interphase?
What is mitosis?
What is mitosis?
What is a tumor?
What is a tumor?
What is the G1 checkpoint?
What is the G1 checkpoint?
What does the S checkpoint determine?
What does the S checkpoint determine?
What happens during the S phase?
What happens during the S phase?
Cell division is the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Cell division is the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytosol and the organelles of the cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytosol and the organelles of the cytoplasm.
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division.
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division.
DNA replication results in two different chromosomes.
DNA replication results in two different chromosomes.
A cell spends most of its life in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
A cell spends most of its life in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
The S checkpoint makes the decision of whether or not the cell should divide.
The S checkpoint makes the decision of whether or not the cell should divide.
In bacterial cells, all organelles must replicate prior to mitosis.
In bacterial cells, all organelles must replicate prior to mitosis.
Loss of control of the cell cycle may lead to the growth of abnormal cells called a tumor.
Loss of control of the cell cycle may lead to the growth of abnormal cells called a tumor.
Organelles are replicated during the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Organelles are replicated during the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
In eukaryotes, DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.
In eukaryotes, DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.
All cells divide by the process of mitosis.
All cells divide by the process of mitosis.
Which cells undergo cell division?
Which cells undergo cell division?
Why is cell division for eukaryotic cells complicated?
Why is cell division for eukaryotic cells complicated?
During which phase is the cell only concerned with routine metabolic processes and growing?
During which phase is the cell only concerned with routine metabolic processes and growing?
What is the correct order of the cell cycle in eukaryotes?
What is the correct order of the cell cycle in eukaryotes?
What is the correct order of prokaryotic cell division?
What is the correct order of prokaryotic cell division?
Which checkpoint decides if DNA has been copied properly?
Which checkpoint decides if DNA has been copied properly?
Where do cells spend most of their time?
Where do cells spend most of their time?
What is chromatin?
What is chromatin?
What is a chromosome?
What is a chromosome?
What is a histone?
What is a histone?
What does a centromere do?
What does a centromere do?
What is a gene?
What is a gene?
What is prophase?
What is prophase?
What occurs during prophase?
What occurs during prophase?
What occurs during metaphase?
What occurs during metaphase?
What happens during anaphase?
What happens during anaphase?
What happens during telophase?
What happens during telophase?
What is cytokinesis?
What is cytokinesis?
What occurs during cytokinesis in animals?
What occurs during cytokinesis in animals?
What occurs during cytokinesis in plants?
What occurs during cytokinesis in plants?
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Study Notes
Cell Division Processes
- Binary Fission: Division method of prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) that involves DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and separation.
- Cancer: Results from unregulated cell cycle processes leading to abnormal cell growth and tumor formation.
- Cell Cycle: Sequence of events where a parent cell divides to produce two daughter cells; includes interphase and mitotic phase.
Phases of the Cell Cycle
- Interphase: Consists of G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (final preparations for division).
- Growth Phase 1 (G1): Rapid cell growth and metabolic activity.
- Synthesis Phase (S): DNA and histones are replicated to form identical chromosomes.
- Growth Phase 2 (G2): Preparation for mitosis; organelles replicate.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
- Mitosis: Nuclear division resulting in two genetically identical nuclei.
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; nuclear envelope disintegrates; centrioles move apart.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the mitotic plate; spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromatids de-condense into chromatin; nuclear envelope re-forms; spindle fibers disintegrate.
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm leading to the formation of two daughter cells.
- In Animals: Cleavage furrow forms and pinches the cell from outside inward.
- In Plants: A cell plate forms in the middle and expands outward.
Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle
- G1 Checkpoint: Determines whether the cell should proceed to division.
- S Checkpoint: Checks for proper DNA replication before cell continues through the cycle.
- Mitotic Spindle Checkpoint: Ensures chromosomes are correctly aligned at the metaphase plate before anaphase.
Genetic Considerations
- Chromatin: DNA uncoiled and dispersed during interphase; appears stringy.
- Chromosomes: Condensed, X-shaped structures formed during cell division; contain genetic information.
- Centromere: Region of the chromosome joined by sister chromatids, crucial for proper segregation during mitosis.
Key Terminology and Concepts
- Gene: Unit of heredity containing instructions for protein synthesis.
- Tumor: Abnormal growth of cells due to disrupted cell cycle control.
- True/False Knowledge: Understand key concepts like the distinctions between cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the role of checkpoints, and the phases of mitosis.
Summary of Key Points
- Cell Division: Essential for growth, repair, and reproduction in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Importance of Control: Proper regulation of the cell cycle is necessary to prevent diseases such as cancer.
- Interphase Duration: Cells spend the majority of their life in G1, preparing for potential division.
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