Biology Chapter 1: Diversity and Structural Organisation

Diversity in the Living World

• The living world is diverse, with taxonomic categories and biological classification of kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
• Viruses, Viroids, and Lichens are also part of the living world.

Plant Kingdom

• Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms are the five groups of plants.
• Angiosperms are flowering plants, with characteristics like roots, stems, leaves, inflorescence, flowers, fruits, and seeds.

Animal Kingdom

• Animals are classified based on morphology, anatomy, and physiology.
• Amphibian-Frog is an example of classification of animals.

Structural Organisation in Plants and Animals

• The root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed are the structural parts of a flowering plant.
• The tissue system, anatomy of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants are studied in plant anatomy.

Cell: Structure and Functions

• Cell is the unit of life, with cell theory, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• Cell structure includes cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.

Biomolecules

• Biomolecules include primary and secondary metabolites, biomacromolecules, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids.
• Structure of proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids are studied.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

• Cell cycle includes mitosis and meiosis.
• Significance of cell cycle and cell division is essential for life.

Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis occurs in higher plants, with pigments involved and location of photosynthesis.
• Light reaction, electron transport, and synthesis of ATP and NADPH are part of photosynthesis.
• The C4 pathway, photorespiration, and factors affecting photosynthesis are studied.
• Respiration in plants involves glycolysis, fermentation, and aerobic respiration.
• Plant growth and development include growth, differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation.
• Plant growth regulators are hormones that regulate plant growth.

Human Physiology

• Breathing and exchange of gases involve respiratory organs, mechanism of breathing, and exchange of gases.
• Body fluids and circulation include tissue fluids, blood, lymph, circulatory pathways, and regulation of cardiac activity.
• Excretory products and their elimination involve human excretory system, urine formation, and function of the tubules.
• Locomotion and movement include types of movement, muscle, skeletal system, and joints.
• Neural control and coordination include neural system, human neural system, and neuron as a structural and functional unit.

Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants involves flower structure, pre-fertilisation, double fertilisation, and post-fertilisation.
• Human reproduction includes male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilisation, and embryonic development.

Genetics and Evolution

• Principles of inheritance and variation include Mendel’s laws of inheritance, inheritance of one gene and two genes, sex determination, mutation, and genetic disorders.
• Molecular basis of inheritance includes DNA, RNA world, replication, transcription, genetic code, translation, regulation of gene expression, human genome project, and DNA fingerprinting.
• Evolution includes origin of life, speciation, and natural selection.