Biology Chapter 1: Diversity and Genetics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary distinction between homozygous and heterozygous alleles?

Homozygous alleles are identical, while heterozygous alleles are different. (correct)

Homozygous alleles can never be recessive, while heterozygous alleles are always dominant.

Homozygous alleles are dominant, while heterozygous alleles are recessive.

Homozygous alleles only occur in plants, while heterozygous alleles occur in animals.

What does gene therapy aim to accomplish?

To enhance the physical characteristics of an organism.

To purely analyze the genetic lineage of an organism.

To replace or repair defective genes causing disease. (correct)

To create genetically modified organisms for agriculture.

In which scenario would co-dominance occur?

When there is a blended phenotype of both alleles present.

When phenotypes express typical dominant and recessive traits respectively.

When one allele dominates another in a hybrid.

When neither allele completely masks the other in the phenotype. (correct)

What is a pedigree primarily used for in genetics?

To track the inheritance of traits across generations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes tidal volume in respiratory physiology?

The volume of air breathed in or out during normal respiration. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What two factors influence the breathing rate when inhaling or exhaling?

The brain's control center and changes in lung volume. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the Source to Sink model in plant physiology?

It explains how sugars produced in leaves are transported to areas of use or storage. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes binomial nomenclature?

A two-part naming system consisting of genus and species. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a bottleneck population effect?

A significant reduction in population size due to environmental events. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs correctly distinguishes between homologous and analogous structures?

Homologous structures evolved from a common ancestor, while analogous structures have similar functions but different evolutionary origins. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mycelium in fungi?

To absorb nutrients and anchor the fungus. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary purpose of enzymes in biological reactions?

To catalyze and speed up biochemical reactions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have them. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive isolating mechanism prevents species from interbreeding by timing their reproductive cycles differently?

Temporal isolation. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role does a dichotomous key serve in biology?

It aids in the identification of organisms based on a series of choices. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Diversity

Six kingdoms for classifying living things are listed.
Levels of organization from kingdom to species are listed.
Binomial nomenclature is defined.
Carl Linnaeus is identified.
Dichotomous keys are explained.
The lifecycle of a DNA virus is described.
Differences between DNA and RNA viruses are highlighted.
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are compared.
Definitions of coccus, bacillus, streptococcus, and spirillum are provided.
Three examples of helpful bacteria are named.
Requirements for bacteria growth and reproduction are stated.
Methods for inhibiting bacterial growth are described.
Sexual and asexual bacterial reproduction is differentiated.
Three ways protists move are explained.
Protist energy sources are described.
Protist reproduction is explained.
Three different fungi and their usefulness are detailed.
Definitions of mycelium and hypha are given.

Unit 2: Genetics

Definitions of chromosome, chromatin, sister chromatids, and homologous chromosomes are provided.
DNA structure and function are described.
Mitosis and meiosis are differentiated through a chart and drawn pictures.
Karyotype, nondisjunction, synapsis, mutation, and random assortment are defined.
Phenotype/genotype, homozygous/heterozygous, allele/gene, hybrid/pure bred, dominant/recessive are defined.
Genetics problems involving incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, co-dominance, sex-linked traits are mentioned.
Pedigree charts, gene therapy, test cross, and inbreeding are defined.

Unit 3: Evolution

Six lines of evidence for evolution are listed and explained through pairs of terms.
- Homologous, analogous, and vestigial features
- Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection
- Convergent and divergent evolution
- Natural and artificial selection
- Bottleneck and founder populations
Darwin's work preceding "Origin of Species" is mentioned.
Four reproductive isolating mechanisms are listed.
Five conditions for population equilibrium are detailed.

Unit 4: Systems (Digestion)

Six nutrients are summarized.
Chemical indicators (iodine, Benedict's, and Biuret's) are summarized in a chart.
Three digestive system disorders are described.
The path of a hamburger's digestion is traced, identifying structures and stages.
Lock and key model and enzyme features are outlined, along with examples of enzymes and substrates.
Definitions of peristalsis, colonoscopy, sphincter, chime, bolus, epiglottis, rugae, and villi are provided.

Unit 4 (Respiration)

Features of good gas exchange surfaces are described.
Changes in air during nasal passage travel are detailed.
Structures involved in inhalation/exhalation are listed.
Definitions of vital capacity, residual volume, tidal volume, IRV, and ERV are given.
Breathing control and pressure/volume changes during inhalation/exhalation are explained.
Conditions affecting breathing rate are detailed.
Three respiratory system health problems are described.

Unit 4 (Circulation)

Blood functions are described.
Blood types and compatibility are outlined.
Blood components and their functions are detailed.
Blood pressure measurement and factors affecting it are discussed.
A red blood cell's path from superior vena cava to aorta is traced.
The heart beat mechanism, including SA and AV nodes, is explained.
Arteries, veins, and capillaries are compared.

Unit 5: Plants

Water transport tissue in plants and reasons behind it is named.
Source to sink flow of sugars in plants is mentioned.
Monocot and dicot stems, roots, and leaves are distinguished and contrasted.
Guard cell functions and mechanisms are detailed.
Three root functions are described.
Seed dispersal methods are described.
Seed composition is discussed.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of living organisms in this quiz covering the six kingdoms, levels of organization, and classification methods such as binomial nomenclature. Additionally, delve into the differences between DNA and RNA viruses, and learn about the various life forms, their classification, and their reproduction. Test your knowledge on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells alongside the intriguing aspects of fungi and protists.