Biology Chapter 1: Diversity and Genetics

Unit 1: Diversity

• Six kingdoms for classifying living things are listed.
• Levels of organization from kingdom to species are listed.
• Binomial nomenclature is defined.
• Carl Linnaeus is identified.
• Dichotomous keys are explained.
• The lifecycle of a DNA virus is described.
• Differences between DNA and RNA viruses are highlighted.
• Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are compared.
• Definitions of coccus, bacillus, streptococcus, and spirillum are provided.
• Three examples of helpful bacteria are named.
• Requirements for bacteria growth and reproduction are stated.
• Methods for inhibiting bacterial growth are described.
• Sexual and asexual bacterial reproduction is differentiated.
• Three ways protists move are explained.
• Protist energy sources are described.
• Protist reproduction is explained.
• Three different fungi and their usefulness are detailed.
• Definitions of mycelium and hypha are given.

Unit 2: Genetics

• Definitions of chromosome, chromatin, sister chromatids, and homologous chromosomes are provided.
• DNA structure and function are described.
• Mitosis and meiosis are differentiated through a chart and drawn pictures.
• Karyotype, nondisjunction, synapsis, mutation, and random assortment are defined.
• Phenotype/genotype, homozygous/heterozygous, allele/gene, hybrid/pure bred, dominant/recessive are defined.
• Genetics problems involving incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, co-dominance, sex-linked traits are mentioned.
• Pedigree charts, gene therapy, test cross, and inbreeding are defined.

Unit 3: Evolution

• Six lines of evidence for evolution are listed and explained through pairs of terms.
  • Homologous, analogous, and vestigial features
  • Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection
  • Convergent and divergent evolution
  • Natural and artificial selection
  • Bottleneck and founder populations
• Darwin's work preceding "Origin of Species" is mentioned.
• Four reproductive isolating mechanisms are listed.
• Five conditions for population equilibrium are detailed.

Unit 4: Systems (Digestion)

• Six nutrients are summarized.
• Chemical indicators (iodine, Benedict's, and Biuret's) are summarized in a chart.
• Three digestive system disorders are described.
• The path of a hamburger's digestion is traced, identifying structures and stages.
• Lock and key model and enzyme features are outlined, along with examples of enzymes and substrates.
• Definitions of peristalsis, colonoscopy, sphincter, chime, bolus, epiglottis, rugae, and villi are provided.

Unit 4 (Respiration)

• Features of good gas exchange surfaces are described.
• Changes in air during nasal passage travel are detailed.
• Structures involved in inhalation/exhalation are listed.
• Definitions of vital capacity, residual volume, tidal volume, IRV, and ERV are given.
• Breathing control and pressure/volume changes during inhalation/exhalation are explained.
• Conditions affecting breathing rate are detailed.
• Three respiratory system health problems are described.

Unit 4 (Circulation)

• Blood functions are described.
• Blood types and compatibility are outlined.
• Blood components and their functions are detailed.
• Blood pressure measurement and factors affecting it are discussed.
• A red blood cell's path from superior vena cava to aorta is traced.
• The heart beat mechanism, including SA and AV nodes, is explained.
• Arteries, veins, and capillaries are compared.

Unit 5: Plants

• Water transport tissue in plants and reasons behind it is named.
• Source to sink flow of sugars in plants is mentioned.
• Monocot and dicot stems, roots, and leaves are distinguished and contrasted.
• Guard cell functions and mechanisms are detailed.
• Three root functions are described.
• Seed dispersal methods are described.
• Seed composition is discussed.