Biological Classification Quiz: Microbes and Fungi
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Questions and Answers

Which phase of meiosis is characterized by the separation of homologous chromosomes?

  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I (correct)
  • Prophase II
  • Telophase II

    • Veins have thicker walls than arteries.

    False

    What is the end product of meiosis?

    four haploid cells

    The primary function of capillaries is to allow __________, gases, and waste to diffuse between the circulatory system and tissues.

    <p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each structure with its correct function in the circulatory system:

    <p>Arteries = Carry blood away from the heart Veins = Carry blood towards the heart Capillaries = Site of exchange for nutrients and waste Arterioles = Small arteries that regulate blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes macroevolution?

    <p>Large scale evolutionary changes that occur over long periods of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vasodilation in the human body?

    <p>To increase blood flow and release heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eukaryotic cells can reproduce both asexually and sexually.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meiosis?

    <p>To produce gametes for sexual reproduction and reduce chromosome number by half.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasoconstriction occurs when blood vessels widen and increase blood flow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The phase of mitosis where chromatin condenses into chromosomes is called _____

    <p>prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the three types of leaf venation patterns.

    <p>Parallel, pinnate, palmate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taxonomy level is directly below the kingdom level?

    <p>Phylum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The equation for photosynthesis is __________.

    <p>CO2 + H2O -&gt; C6H12O6 + O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes to their descriptions:

    <p>Mitosis = Cell division producing two identical daughter cells Meiosis = Cell division reducing chromosome number by half Prophase = Phase where chromatin condenses into chromosomes Telophase = Phase where two daughter cells form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of specialized plant cells with their functions:

    <p>Parenchyma = Storage and photosynthesis Collenchyma = Support and flexibility Sclerenchyma = Support for mature plants Xylem = Transports water from roots to leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth pattern has leaves arranged at different levels on either side of the stem?

    <p>Alternate Growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In codominance, only one allele is expressed in the phenotype.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have a single loop of DNA, while eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phloem is responsible for transporting water from the roots to the leaves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a plant to grow towards light during phototropism?

    <p>Unequal distribution of auxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow and conserves __________ to keep the body warm.

    <p>heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant cell is characterized by having very thick and tough secondary cell walls?

    <p>Sclerenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of digestion when salivary amylase acts on starch?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach has a pH level of 8 where pepsin digests protein.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do root hairs serve in plants?

    <p>Increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ stimulates cell division in plant stems and roots.

    <p>auxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each type of plant tissue with its function:

    <p>Meristematic = Undifferentiated tissue for growth Dermal = Covers and protects the exterior of the plant Ground = Involved in photosynthesis and storage Vascular = Transport of materials within the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Casparian strip in plant roots?

    <p>Force water and minerals to cross the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monocots, xylem cells form a star shape.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the products of lipid digestion by pancreatic lipase?

    <p>Fatty acids and glycerol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ cells control the opening size of stomata in plants.

    <p>guard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of plant tissue forms most of a plant's interior and exterior material?

    <p>Ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of growth response do roots exhibit towards gravity?

    <p>Positive gravitropism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural selection does not involve any environmental pressures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thigmotropism?

    <p>Growth response to mechanical stimuli due to an unequal distribution of auxin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Darwin published his theory of evolution in __________.

    <p>On the Origin of Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the speciation types with their descriptions:

    <p>Allopatric speciation = Speciation due to geographic barriers Sympatric speciation = Speciation within the same geographic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a concept associated with Darwin's theory?

    <p>Struggle for existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artificial selection is a process influenced by natural environmental changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of meristems in plants?

    <p>To facilitate growth through cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of interphase in the cell cycle?

    <p>DNA replication and cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells contain a nucleus.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomes in cells?

    <p>Ribosomes synthesize proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cell organelle that is responsible for producing energy (ATP) is the __________.

    <p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Homozygous = 2 identical alleles for a gene Heterozygous = 2 different alleles for a gene Zygote = Fusion of male and female gametes Phenotype = Physical trait expressed in an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in the breakdown and recycling of old cells?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi reproduce using seeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hyphae?

    <p>Threadlike filaments that make up the body of fungi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In humans, somatic cells have __________ chromosomes organized into __________ pairs.

    <p>46; 23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of anaerobic respiration?

    <p>Does not use oxygen to produce energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood type AB is considered recessive.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define phenotype.

    <p>The physical trait expressed in an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The network of filaments formed by hyphae in fungi is called __________.

    <p>mycelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cell organelles with their functions:

    <p>Nucleus = Control center of the cell Golgi Body = Packaging of macromolecules Ribosome = Protein synthesis Centrosome = Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Binomial Nomenclature

    • First part of a scientific name is the genus (italicized or underlined)
    • Second part of the scientific name is the species (italicized or underlined)

    Viruses

    • Viruses contain DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
    • Classification can be based on capsid size and shape
    • Viruses require a host cell to replicate
    • They do not have a nucleus or cellular structures

    Fungi

    • Fungi have thread-like filaments called hyphae
    • Hyphae form a network called a mycelium
    • They reproduce using spores often produced in fruiting bodies above ground
    • Cell walls are composed of a specific material

    Bacteria

    • Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular
    • Bacteria can be autotrophic (make their own food) or heterotrophic (consume food)
    • Bacteria reproduce asexually
    • Most bacteria have cell walls
    • Can be aerobic or anaerobic

    Archaea

    • Archaea are prokaryotic and unicellular
    • They are autotrophic or heterotrophic and reproduce asexually
    • Distinguishing characteristic is cell walls not composed of peptidoglycan
    • Often found in extreme environments
    • Can be aerobic or anaerobic

    Cell Organelles

    • Nucleus: Control center, contains DNA, surrounded by a nuclear membrane
    • Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes, dense structure in the nucleus
    • Nuclear Membrane: Surrounds and protects the nucleus, with pores for regulation
    • Centrosome: Involved in cell division, protecting microtubules
    • Cell Membrane: External layer, semi-permeable, separating internal/external environments, regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell
    • Golgi Body: Packages molecules, uses vesicles in transport
    • Mitochondria: Produces energy (ATP) through aerobic respiration, using oxygen and glucose.
    • Vacuole: Involved in digestion, waste removal, nutrient storage, and transportation

    Cell Cycle

    • Cell cycle includes interphase (G1, S, G2) and division (mitosis/cytokinesis)
    • Interphase is the growth and preparation phase (DNA replication)
    • Mitosis is the division of the cell's nucleus, ensuring identical genetic material
    • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm

    Cell Cycle: Mitosis

    • Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down, nucleolus disappears, spindle fibers form.
    • Metaphase: Spindle fibers align chromosomes along the cell's equator
    • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
    • Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform around separated chromosomes, spindle fibers break down, chromosomes decondense.

    Other Key Concepts

    • Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an organism
    • Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism
    • Allele: Variations of a gene (ex: different eye colors or blood type traits)
    • Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a gene
    • Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a gene
    • Zygote: Cell formed by fusion of gametes (sperm and egg)
    • Homologous Structures: Chromosomes that carry the same genes in the same location
    • Somatic cell: Body Cell
    • Gamete: Reproductive cell

    Blood Types

    • Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells.
    • Inheritance of blood types involves more than one allele (multiple alleles)
    • Blood type alleles (A, B, and O) can exhibit codominance (both A and B are expressed if present)

    Enzyme Classifications

    • Amylase: Digest starches (salivary, pancreatic)
    • Protease: Digest proteins (stomach, pancreatic)

    Plant Structures and Function

    • Roots: Anchor plant and absorb water and nutrients
    • Stems: Support plants and transport materials
    • Leaves: Photosynthesis and gas exchange

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