Questions and Answers
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living ______.
organisms
The jelly-like fluid of the nucleus where nuclear elements are suspended is called ______.
nucleoplasm
Chromatin is scattered throughout the nucleus when the cell is not ______.
dividing
The movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is known as ______.
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Facilitated diffusion requires a ______ channel or carrier.
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The driving force of filtration in the body is ______ pressure.
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In active transport, substances are moved across the membrane against a ______ gradient.
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The two types of ATP-activated vesicular transport are exocytosis and ______.
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Exocytosis moves secretions and other substances out of cells; a membrane-bounded ______ fuses with the plasma membrane.
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In endocytosis, particles are taken up by enclosure in a plasma membrane ______.
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Mitosis is the process of dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei with exactly the same ______ as the 'mother' nucleus.
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During prophase, the chromatin fibers become coiled into ______.
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In metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the ______ plate.
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During anaphase, the chromatids begin to move slowly apart, drawn toward opposite ______ of the cell.
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In telophase, the chromosomes at opposite ends of the cell uncoil to become threadlike ______ again.
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Cytokinesis usually begins during late anaphase and completes during ______.
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Study Notes
Cell Basics
- Cells are the fundamental units of life, defining properties of living organisms.
- Organismal activities depend on the collective functions of cells.
Cell Structure and Function
- Principle of complementarity: cell structure (anatomy) influences cell function (physiology).
- Nuclear Envelope: double membrane surrounding the nucleus.
- Nucleoplasm: jelly-like fluid in the nucleus holding nuclear components.
- Nucleolus: site for ribosome assembly.
- Chromatin: uncondensed DNA present when the cell is not dividing.
- Chromosomes: dense structures formed from chromatin when the cell divides.
- Cytosol: semi-transparent fluid that supports cellular components.
- Inclusions: stored nutrients or cell products, termed the Cellular Pantry.
- Organelles: specialized structures performing distinct cellular functions.
Cell Physiology
- Cells exhibit irritability, digest food, excrete waste, reproduce, grow, move, and metabolize.
Membrane Transport
Passive Processes
-
Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration; no energy required.
- Simple diffusion: movement of solutes through the plasma membrane.
- Osmosis: diffusion of water across the plasma membrane.
- Facilitated diffusion: requires protein channels/carriers for solute movement.
- Filtration: Movement driven by pressure differences; blood pressure drives filtration in the body.
Active Processes
- Use cellular energy (ATP) for transport against gradients.
- Active Transport: Movement facilitated by solute pumps for amino acids, sugars, and ions.
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Vesicular Transport:
- Exocytosis: Secretion of substances out of the cell via membrane-bound vesicles.
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Endocytosis: Inclusion of particles in plasma membrane sacs, subdivided into:
- Phagocytosis: uptake of solid particles.
- Pinocytosis: uptake of fluids.
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis: selective internalization of target molecules.
Cell Cycle and Division
- Interphase: The metabolic phase where the cell prepares for division.
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
- Mitosis: Divides the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm occurs parallel to mitosis.
Mitosis Phases
-
Prophase:
- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes with two chromatids.
- Centrioles move apart, forming a mitotic spindle.
- Nuclear envelope and nucleoli disintegrate, allowing spindle connection with chromosomes.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate in the cell's center.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends, ensuring equal distribution to daughter cells.
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Telophase:
- Chromosomes begin to uncoil back into chromatin.
- Spindle apparatus dissolves; nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes.
- Nucleoli reappear in daughter nuclei.
- Cytokinesis: Initiated during late anaphase, the process completes in telophase, forming a cleavage furrow.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of cell structure and function, highlighting the properties that define living organisms. You'll learn about the principle of complementarity and the significance of the nuclear envelope in cellular activities. Test your understanding of how cellular anatomy influences physiology and the continuity of life.
