Biology Chapter 1: Adaptation and Variation
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Questions and Answers

Anatomical evidence shows that similar forelimbs in different vertebrates indicate a shared common ancestor.

True (A)

Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells.

False (B)

The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

True (A)

Dichotomous keys are used to classify organisms into kingdoms but not to identify unknown organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleotide sequences of DNA will differ significantly between similar species.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A genome consists of the complete DNA sequence of every cell of an organism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic mutations refer to changes in the structure of proteins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of chromosomes is referred to as karyotyping.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alleles are the same as genes and do not vary in a population.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Homologous chromosomes contain the same alleles for every gene.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adenine and Guanine are classified as pyrimidines due to their two-ring structure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In humans, the sex chromosomes are represented as the 23rd set of chromosomes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically unique from the parent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Veins carry blood away from the heart to the cells of the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pulmonary circuit involves the flow of deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Capillaries are where the exchange of nutrients and gases occurs between the cells and the circulatory system.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The systemic circuit transports only deoxygenated blood throughout the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

80-90% of our blood is used in systemic circulation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart has a direct relationship with the lungs in the systemic circuit.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arteries are responsible for returning blood to the heart.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heart and lungs are connected only through the systemic circuit.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A zygote is formed when two haploid gametes combine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In humans, a diploid cell has 23 chromosomes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis results in two diploid cells at the end of its first stage.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Incomplete dominance occurs when two equally dominant alleles create a new phenotype that is a blend of the other two phenotypes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Prophase 1 of meiosis, chromosomes undergo a process called synapsis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In human blood types, type O is considered the most dominant blood type among A, B, and O.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spermatogenesis results in one viable gamete and three polar bodies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Males are less likely to express traits linked to the X chromosome compared to females.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pedigree chart is a tool used to show genetic traits within a family over several generations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Independent assortment during meiosis allows maternal and paternal chromosomes to randomly segregate into gametes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Errors in meiosis can affect chromosome structure and result in mutations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Structural adaptations involve changes that occur internally in an organism's body systems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Variations in a species can arise from mutations that may lead to adaptations over time.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oogenesis produces four viable eggs from one primary oocyte.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pink flower resulting from a red flower and a white flower exemplifies codominance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adaptations only occur in response to genetic changes, regardless of environmental factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Paramecium are classified by projections called cilia that are used for feeding and movement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zoomastigina are characterized by a single cilia used for movement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plasmodial slime moulds resemble slugs and obtain food by engulfing it with their cytoplasm.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water moulds primarily thrive in dry conditions and do not resemble fungi.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chrysophyta, or diatoms, are significant producers of oxygen and live in aquatic environments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Euglenoids are heterotrophs in sunlight and autotrophs in darkness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brown algae, or Phaeophyta, is the simplest type of algae.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rhodophyta, or red algae, contain chlorophyll and another pigment called phycoerythrin.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Anatomical Evidence

The structure of a living organism or its parts, providing clues about evolutionary relationships.

Physiological Evidence

The enzymes and proteins present in an organism, reflecting its genetic makeup and evolutionary history.

DNA Evidence

The sequence of nucleotides in DNA, revealing similarities and differences between species.

Phylogenetic Tree

A branching diagram that illustrates the evolutionary history of organisms, based on various evidence.

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Three Domains

A classification system that divides all living organisms into three primary groups: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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Genome

The complete DNA sequence of every cell of an organism.

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Genetic Mutations

A change in the sequence of DNA.

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Autosomes

Any chromosome that is not the sex chromosome (X or Y).

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Karyotyping

The study of a person's chromosomes.

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Gene

A segment of DNA that carries specific genetic information.

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Alleles

Different forms of a gene that determine traits.

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Homologous

Two chromosomes that have the same genes but may not necessarily have the same alleles.

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Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving one parent, producing identical daughter cells.

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Incomplete Dominance

When two alleles are expressed, and they create a new phenotype that is a blend of the two possible phenotypes. This occurs when two equally dominant alleles are present.

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Pedigree

A chart that shows a family tree and examines one trait to see how it is passed down through generations.

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Adaptation

A structural, physiological, or behavioral change that allows a creature to survive and reproduce more effectively.

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Behavioral Adaptation

A change in a creature's behavior that helps it survive and reproduce in its environment.

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Variation

A small change from a mutation in a species that eventually accumulates to become an adaptation.

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Structural Adaptation

An external change in a creature's physical structure that helps it survive and reproduce in its environment.

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Physiological Adaptation

A change or optimization of an internal body function or process that helps a creature survive and reproduce in its environment.

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Allele Hierarchy

When there are more than two possible alleles for a trait, and these alleles have a hierarchy of dominance. The most dominant trait is known as the Wild Type.

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body's cells.

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body's cells.

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Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where oxygen, nutrients, and waste products are exchanged between the blood and the body's cells.

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Pulmonary Circuit

The pathway blood takes from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

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Systemic Circuit

The pathway blood takes from the heart to the rest of the body (excluding the lungs) and back to the heart.

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Food Desert

An area where healthy food options are scarce due to price or lack of availability.

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Haploid

A cell containing half the number of chromosomes required for a complete set, represented by 'n'.

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Diploid

A cell containing a complete set of chromosomes, represented by '2n'.

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Fertilization

The fusion of two gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote.

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Meiosis

The process of cell division that results in four haploid gametes (sperm or egg) with genetic diversity.

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Crossing Over

The process of exchanging genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of Meiosis.

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Independent Assortment

The random arrangement of chromosomes during Metaphase I of Meiosis, leading to diverse combinations of parental and maternal chromosomes in daughter cells.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production in males through meiosis.

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Oogenesis

The process of egg (ova) production in females through meiosis, resulting in one functional egg and polar bodies.

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Ciliates (Paramecium)

Microscopic organisms with hair-like projections called cilia. Cilia are used for movement and feeding.

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Zoomastigina

Microscopic organisms with a long, tail-like projection called a flagellum. Flagella aid in movement and feeding.

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Fungus-like Protists

Protists that obtain nutrients through absorption, rather than ingestion.

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Plasmodial Slime Mould

Small, slug-like organisms that creep on damp, decaying surfaces. They engulf food using their cytoplasm, behaving like amoebas.

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Cellular Slime Mould

Individual cells with one nucleus each. When food is scarce, they merge into a pseudoplasmodium, a collective of genetic material.

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Water Mould

Filamentous organisms resembling fungi that live on dead materials or act as parasites on living hosts.

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Plant-like Protists

Protists that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

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Algae

A protist that is not a plant. Multicellular algae is referred to as seaweed. Plants are thought to have evolved from algae.

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Study Notes

Lesson 1: Adaptation and Variation

  • Adaptation: A structural, physiological, or behavioral change that allows a creature to survive and reproduce more effectively.
  • Structural: External changes that visibly change the organism.
  • Physiological: Changes in an organism's internal processes.
  • Behavioral: Changes in an organism's actions.
  • Variation: A slight change from a mutation, in a species that accumulates to become an adaptation.

General Information:

  • Goal of Adaptations: Adaptation happens when an environmental factor threatens a population. Some individuals may have a trait that allows them to survive more effectively and reproduce more than other creatures with shorter lifespans.
  • Adaptations Expanded: Not all variations become adaptations, only those that provide a selective advantage. Human impact can alter which adaptations are beneficial.

Lesson 2: Natural and Artificial Selection

  • Natural Selection: A process that results in characteristics in an organism changing over generations because some individuals are better suited to the environment.
  • Environmental Factors: A factor that can limit a species population and favor certain traits over others. These can be biotic or abiotic.
  • Selective Pressure: Pressure applied by an environmental factor that favors certain traits over others.
  • Biotic: A living environmental factor.
  • Abiotic: A non-living environmental factor.
  • Fitness: Ability of an organism to reproduce and pass on alleles.
  • Artificial selection: Similar to natural selection, but selective pressure is from human factors.

Lesson 3: Theories of Evolution Timeline

  • Creationism Theory: Everything was created by a god or power and hasn't changed since.
  • Carl Linnaeus (1750s): Classified plants and animals from most to least complex.
  • Georges Cuvier (1769-1831): Developed paleontology, finding fossils changed over time (different species in different strata). Also proposed catastrophic events destroyed species.
  • Charles Lyell (1797-1875): Proposed uniformitarianism, which means slow changes over long periods of time.
  • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1800s): Assumed species would become more complex. Proposed use and disuse.
  • Charles Darwin (1809-1882): Proposed natural selection, all life descended from a common ancestor, and natural selection determined the most fit.
  • Neo-Darwinism (1920-1950): Integrated Darwin's theories with Mendel's genetics.

Lesson 4: Evidence of Evolution

  • Fossil Record: How organisms changed over time via fossils.
  • Embryology: Study of embryos, finding similarities.
  • Comparative Anatomy: Comparing structures of organisms to find similarities to identify shared ancestors.
    • Homologous: Similar structures from a common ancestor, but may have different functions.
    • Analogous: Similar functions but not common ancestors.
    • Vestigial: Structures with no apparent function, but were useful in ancestors.
  • Molecular Biology: Studying macromolecules to find similarities.

Lesson 5: Mechanisms of Evolution

  • Gene Flow: When two populations interbreed, increasing variations.
  • Non-Random Mating: Creatures selecting mates based on non-random factors (preferred phenotypes, avoiding inbreeding, etc.).

Lesson 6: Speciation

  • Species: A population whose members can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.
  • Speciation: Environmental factors create a point where populations don't meet criteria for species, creating a new species.
  • Reproductive Isolation: Cannot reproduce with prior species.
  • Macroevolution: Large changes in evolution.
  • Prezygotic: Isolating mechanisms that prevent fertilization.

Lesson 7: Protists

  • Protozoan: Another term for animal-like protists.
  • Protist: Eukaryotic, typically unicellular organisms categorized by nutrient acquisition.
  • Animal-like Protists: Heterotrophic protists that consume nutrients.
  • Fungus-like Protists: Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients instead of consuming.
  • Plant-like Protists: Autotrophs that perform photosynthesis.

Lesson 8: Algae

  • Algae: Protists, not a plant when multicellular. Photosynthesis.
  • Phylums of Algae:
    • Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
    • Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
    • Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
  • Algae becoming Terrestrial: Adaptations needed to survive on land.

Lesson 9: Plants

  • Non-vascular Plants: Bryophytes (moss, liverwort, hornworts); depend on diffusion/osmosis.
  • Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns, horsetails.
  • Seed-producing Vascular Plants: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms.

Lesson 10: Fungi

  • Fungi: Eukaryotic. Heterotrophic (absorb nutrients instead of ingesting).

Lesson 11: Animals

  • Tetrapod: Animals with limbs.
  • Animal Classification: Based on many traits, including body symmetry, presence of a coelom, segmentation, and mode of movement.
  • Invertebrates: Organisms without backbones.
    • Sponges
    • Cnidarians
    • Worms
    • Molluscs
    • Echinoderms
    • Arthropods
  • Vertebrates: Organisms with backbones.
    • Fish
    • Amphibians
    • Reptiles
    • Birds
    • Mammals
      • Monotremes
      • Marsupials
      • Placentals

Lesson 12-16: Specific Plant/Animal Modules + Others

  • Module 5: Xeriscaping
  • Module 6: Permaculture
  • Module 7: Plant Structure & Monocot/Dicot
  • Module 8: Plant Parts
  • Module 9-16: (Plant-related Modules): covering various plant concepts like plant vocabulary, tree communication, plant propagation, plant reproduction, ecological succession and sustainable farming.

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Bio 11 Exam Review PDF

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Explore the key concepts of adaptation and variation in this engaging quiz. Learn how structural, physiological, and behavioral changes enable organisms to survive and reproduce in changing environments. Test your knowledge on natural and artificial selection processes that influence these adaptations.

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