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Questions and Answers
Anatomical evidence shows that similar forelimbs in different vertebrates indicate a shared common ancestor.
Anatomical evidence shows that similar forelimbs in different vertebrates indicate a shared common ancestor.
True
Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells.
False
The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
True
Dichotomous keys are used to classify organisms into kingdoms but not to identify unknown organisms.
Dichotomous keys are used to classify organisms into kingdoms but not to identify unknown organisms.
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The nucleotide sequences of DNA will differ significantly between similar species.
The nucleotide sequences of DNA will differ significantly between similar species.
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A genome consists of the complete DNA sequence of every cell of an organism.
A genome consists of the complete DNA sequence of every cell of an organism.
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Genetic mutations refer to changes in the structure of proteins.
Genetic mutations refer to changes in the structure of proteins.
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The study of chromosomes is referred to as karyotyping.
The study of chromosomes is referred to as karyotyping.
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Alleles are the same as genes and do not vary in a population.
Alleles are the same as genes and do not vary in a population.
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Homologous chromosomes contain the same alleles for every gene.
Homologous chromosomes contain the same alleles for every gene.
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Adenine and Guanine are classified as pyrimidines due to their two-ring structure.
Adenine and Guanine are classified as pyrimidines due to their two-ring structure.
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In humans, the sex chromosomes are represented as the 23rd set of chromosomes.
In humans, the sex chromosomes are represented as the 23rd set of chromosomes.
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Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically unique from the parent.
Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically unique from the parent.
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Veins carry blood away from the heart to the cells of the body.
Veins carry blood away from the heart to the cells of the body.
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The pulmonary circuit involves the flow of deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
The pulmonary circuit involves the flow of deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
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Capillaries are where the exchange of nutrients and gases occurs between the cells and the circulatory system.
Capillaries are where the exchange of nutrients and gases occurs between the cells and the circulatory system.
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The systemic circuit transports only deoxygenated blood throughout the body.
The systemic circuit transports only deoxygenated blood throughout the body.
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80-90% of our blood is used in systemic circulation.
80-90% of our blood is used in systemic circulation.
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The heart has a direct relationship with the lungs in the systemic circuit.
The heart has a direct relationship with the lungs in the systemic circuit.
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Arteries are responsible for returning blood to the heart.
Arteries are responsible for returning blood to the heart.
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The heart and lungs are connected only through the systemic circuit.
The heart and lungs are connected only through the systemic circuit.
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A zygote is formed when two haploid gametes combine.
A zygote is formed when two haploid gametes combine.
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In humans, a diploid cell has 23 chromosomes.
In humans, a diploid cell has 23 chromosomes.
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Meiosis results in two diploid cells at the end of its first stage.
Meiosis results in two diploid cells at the end of its first stage.
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Incomplete dominance occurs when two equally dominant alleles create a new phenotype that is a blend of the other two phenotypes.
Incomplete dominance occurs when two equally dominant alleles create a new phenotype that is a blend of the other two phenotypes.
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During Prophase 1 of meiosis, chromosomes undergo a process called synapsis.
During Prophase 1 of meiosis, chromosomes undergo a process called synapsis.
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In human blood types, type O is considered the most dominant blood type among A, B, and O.
In human blood types, type O is considered the most dominant blood type among A, B, and O.
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Spermatogenesis results in one viable gamete and three polar bodies.
Spermatogenesis results in one viable gamete and three polar bodies.
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Males are less likely to express traits linked to the X chromosome compared to females.
Males are less likely to express traits linked to the X chromosome compared to females.
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A pedigree chart is a tool used to show genetic traits within a family over several generations.
A pedigree chart is a tool used to show genetic traits within a family over several generations.
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Independent assortment during meiosis allows maternal and paternal chromosomes to randomly segregate into gametes.
Independent assortment during meiosis allows maternal and paternal chromosomes to randomly segregate into gametes.
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Errors in meiosis can affect chromosome structure and result in mutations.
Errors in meiosis can affect chromosome structure and result in mutations.
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Structural adaptations involve changes that occur internally in an organism's body systems.
Structural adaptations involve changes that occur internally in an organism's body systems.
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Variations in a species can arise from mutations that may lead to adaptations over time.
Variations in a species can arise from mutations that may lead to adaptations over time.
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Oogenesis produces four viable eggs from one primary oocyte.
Oogenesis produces four viable eggs from one primary oocyte.
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A pink flower resulting from a red flower and a white flower exemplifies codominance.
A pink flower resulting from a red flower and a white flower exemplifies codominance.
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Adaptations only occur in response to genetic changes, regardless of environmental factors.
Adaptations only occur in response to genetic changes, regardless of environmental factors.
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Paramecium are classified by projections called cilia that are used for feeding and movement.
Paramecium are classified by projections called cilia that are used for feeding and movement.
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Zoomastigina are characterized by a single cilia used for movement.
Zoomastigina are characterized by a single cilia used for movement.
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Plasmodial slime moulds resemble slugs and obtain food by engulfing it with their cytoplasm.
Plasmodial slime moulds resemble slugs and obtain food by engulfing it with their cytoplasm.
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Water moulds primarily thrive in dry conditions and do not resemble fungi.
Water moulds primarily thrive in dry conditions and do not resemble fungi.
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Chrysophyta, or diatoms, are significant producers of oxygen and live in aquatic environments.
Chrysophyta, or diatoms, are significant producers of oxygen and live in aquatic environments.
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Euglenoids are heterotrophs in sunlight and autotrophs in darkness.
Euglenoids are heterotrophs in sunlight and autotrophs in darkness.
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Brown algae, or Phaeophyta, is the simplest type of algae.
Brown algae, or Phaeophyta, is the simplest type of algae.
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Rhodophyta, or red algae, contain chlorophyll and another pigment called phycoerythrin.
Rhodophyta, or red algae, contain chlorophyll and another pigment called phycoerythrin.
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Study Notes
Lesson 1: Adaptation and Variation
- Adaptation: A structural, physiological, or behavioral change that allows a creature to survive and reproduce more effectively.
- Structural: External changes that visibly change the organism.
- Physiological: Changes in an organism's internal processes.
- Behavioral: Changes in an organism's actions.
- Variation: A slight change from a mutation, in a species that accumulates to become an adaptation.
General Information:
- Goal of Adaptations: Adaptation happens when an environmental factor threatens a population. Some individuals may have a trait that allows them to survive more effectively and reproduce more than other creatures with shorter lifespans.
- Adaptations Expanded: Not all variations become adaptations, only those that provide a selective advantage. Human impact can alter which adaptations are beneficial.
Lesson 2: Natural and Artificial Selection
- Natural Selection: A process that results in characteristics in an organism changing over generations because some individuals are better suited to the environment.
- Environmental Factors: A factor that can limit a species population and favor certain traits over others. These can be biotic or abiotic.
- Selective Pressure: Pressure applied by an environmental factor that favors certain traits over others.
- Biotic: A living environmental factor.
- Abiotic: A non-living environmental factor.
- Fitness: Ability of an organism to reproduce and pass on alleles.
- Artificial selection: Similar to natural selection, but selective pressure is from human factors.
Lesson 3: Theories of Evolution Timeline
- Creationism Theory: Everything was created by a god or power and hasn't changed since.
- Carl Linnaeus (1750s): Classified plants and animals from most to least complex.
- Georges Cuvier (1769-1831): Developed paleontology, finding fossils changed over time (different species in different strata). Also proposed catastrophic events destroyed species.
- Charles Lyell (1797-1875): Proposed uniformitarianism, which means slow changes over long periods of time.
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1800s): Assumed species would become more complex. Proposed use and disuse.
- Charles Darwin (1809-1882): Proposed natural selection, all life descended from a common ancestor, and natural selection determined the most fit.
- Neo-Darwinism (1920-1950): Integrated Darwin's theories with Mendel's genetics.
Lesson 4: Evidence of Evolution
- Fossil Record: How organisms changed over time via fossils.
- Embryology: Study of embryos, finding similarities.
- Comparative Anatomy: Comparing structures of organisms to find similarities to identify shared ancestors.
- Homologous: Similar structures from a common ancestor, but may have different functions.
- Analogous: Similar functions but not common ancestors.
- Vestigial: Structures with no apparent function, but were useful in ancestors.
- Molecular Biology: Studying macromolecules to find similarities.
Lesson 5: Mechanisms of Evolution
- Gene Flow: When two populations interbreed, increasing variations.
- Non-Random Mating: Creatures selecting mates based on non-random factors (preferred phenotypes, avoiding inbreeding, etc.).
Lesson 6: Speciation
- Species: A population whose members can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.
- Speciation: Environmental factors create a point where populations don't meet criteria for species, creating a new species.
- Reproductive Isolation: Cannot reproduce with prior species.
- Macroevolution: Large changes in evolution.
- Prezygotic: Isolating mechanisms that prevent fertilization.
Lesson 7: Protists
- Protozoan: Another term for animal-like protists.
- Protist: Eukaryotic, typically unicellular organisms categorized by nutrient acquisition.
- Animal-like Protists: Heterotrophic protists that consume nutrients.
- Fungus-like Protists: Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients instead of consuming.
- Plant-like Protists: Autotrophs that perform photosynthesis.
Lesson 8: Algae
- Algae: Protists, not a plant when multicellular. Photosynthesis.
- Phylums of Algae:
- Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
- Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
- Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
- Algae becoming Terrestrial: Adaptations needed to survive on land.
Lesson 9: Plants
- Non-vascular Plants: Bryophytes (moss, liverwort, hornworts); depend on diffusion/osmosis.
- Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns, horsetails.
- Seed-producing Vascular Plants: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms.
Lesson 10: Fungi
- Fungi: Eukaryotic. Heterotrophic (absorb nutrients instead of ingesting).
Lesson 11: Animals
- Tetrapod: Animals with limbs.
- Animal Classification: Based on many traits, including body symmetry, presence of a coelom, segmentation, and mode of movement.
- Invertebrates: Organisms without backbones.
- Sponges
- Cnidarians
- Worms
- Molluscs
- Echinoderms
- Arthropods
- Vertebrates: Organisms with backbones.
- Fish
- Amphibians
- Reptiles
- Birds
- Mammals
- Monotremes
- Marsupials
- Placentals
Lesson 12-16: Specific Plant/Animal Modules + Others
- Module 5: Xeriscaping
- Module 6: Permaculture
- Module 7: Plant Structure & Monocot/Dicot
- Module 8: Plant Parts
- Module 9-16: (Plant-related Modules): covering various plant concepts like plant vocabulary, tree communication, plant propagation, plant reproduction, ecological succession and sustainable farming.
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Description
Explore the key concepts of adaptation and variation in this engaging quiz. Learn how structural, physiological, and behavioral changes enable organisms to survive and reproduce in changing environments. Test your knowledge on natural and artificial selection processes that influence these adaptations.
