Questions and Answers
What is the function of cilia in the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the plasma membrane?
What is the percentage of water in a cell?
What is the function of microvilli?
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What is the function of the erythrocyte?
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What type of cell is responsible for storing nutrients?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle cells?
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What is the primary function of the epithelial cell?
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Which type of transport requires energy?
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What is the term for the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration?
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Which type of tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves?
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What is the term for the outermost layer of the epidermis?
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Which type of transport involves the movement of substances through vesicles?
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What is the term for the movement of water into a cell due to a concentration gradient?
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What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
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Study Notes
Cells
- Cells are the structural units of all living things
- Most cells are composed of four elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
- Cells are approximately 60% water
Cell Structure
- A cell has three main regions or parts: nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane
- The nucleus is the first layer, cytoplasm is the middle layer, and the plasma membrane is the outer layer
Cell Extensions
- Surface extensions found in some cells: cilia, flagella, and microvilli
- Cilia move materials across the cell surface, located in the respiratory system to move mucus
- Flagella propel the cell, with the only flagellated cell in the human body being sperm
- Microvilli are tiny, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption
Cell Diversity
- Fibroblast cells connect body parts and secrete cable-like fibers
- Erythrocyte (red blood cell) carries oxygen in the bloodstream and connects body parts via blood vessels
- Epithelial cells cover and line body organs, packing together in sheets with intermediate fibers that resist tearing during rubbing or pulling
- Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells move organs and body parts, with contractile filaments that allow cells to shorten forcefully
- Fat cells store nutrients, with lipid droplets stored in the cytoplasm
- White blood cells, such as the macrophage, fight disease by digesting infectious microorganisms
- Nerve cells (neurons) gather information and control body functions, receiving and transmitting messages to other body structures
- Oocyte (female) and sperm (male) cells are responsible for reproduction, with the oocyte being the largest cell in the body
Cell Membrane Transport
- Passive transport requires no energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion
- Active transport requires energy and includes transport by pumps and vesicles
- Passive processes: diffusion and filtration
- Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient
- Osmosis is the movement of water molecules
- Facilitated diffusion is the movement of lipid-insoluble molecules, such as glucose
- Hypertonic solutions contain more solutes than the cells, causing cells to shrink
- Hypotonic solutions contain fewer solutes than the cells, causing cells to swell
- Active processes use ATP to move substances across a membrane
- Sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport
- Vesicular transport includes exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis
Tissue Categories
- Epithelial tissue covers and lines body organs
- Connective tissue connects body parts
- Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Muscular tissue moves organs and body parts
Skin Tissue
- The skin is composed of two main layers: epidermis and dermis
- The epidermis has two sublayers: stratum basale and stratum corneum
- The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis, where daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers
- The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of shingle-like dead cells filled with keratin
- The dermis has two sublayers: papillary layer and reticular layer
- The papillary layer contains dermal papillae, which indent the epidermis above and increase friction and gripping ability on palm and sole surfaces
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Description
This quiz covers the basic structure and composition of cells, including their main regions and surface extensions.
