Dental Board Exam Review: Cell Biology

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of IgG antibodies?

produced by the body when there is infection

Which type of immunoglobulin is active during allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

IgE

Red pulp of the spleen contains ____?

blood

White pulp of the spleen contains ____?

lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Where are Langerhans cells located?

Epidermis (D) Signup and view all the answers

Basket cells or Myoepithelial cells are found in?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Best example of unicellular gland?

Goblet cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the most numerous PROTEIN IN ENAMEL?

Enamelin Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease where the patient has EXCESSIVE ELASTIC FIBERS?

Elastosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease where the patient has DEFECTIVE COLLAGEN FIBERS resulting to flexibility of tissues made up of collagen?

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease where the patient has DEFICIENT COLLAGEN FIBERS?

Scurvy Signup and view all the answers

This is the only type of growth that happens in bone tissue

Appositional (B) Signup and view all the answers

In hematology, a 'Shift to the left' means?

Increase in immature white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Universal donor?

Type O negative Signup and view all the answers

Universal recipient?

Type AB positive Signup and view all the answers

Most important mineral for RBC production?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

Capillary fragility test is also known as?

Rumpel-Leede test Signup and view all the answers

What is/are the function/s of histones?

Guides the coiling of the DNA (A), All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about somatic and sex cells?

Somatic cells are 2n while sex cells are n (A) Signup and view all the answers

47, XY, +21 karyotype corresponds to which syndrome and gender?

Downs syndrome – male (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the non-insulin dependent tissues?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an active enzyme?

Holoenzyme (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is Chemotaxis?

Movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What initiates flagellar activity and chemotaxis?

Chemical stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria of the sperm are located in?

Midpiece Signup and view all the answers

Sperm penetrates the egg cell using?

Acrosome Signup and view all the answers

The tail of a sperm cell is made up of?

Microtubules Signup and view all the answers

A cell that has already stopped from dividing is said to be in which stage of cellular division?

G0 phase Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Structure

Cell membrane: also known as plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, semi-permeable, regulates passage of substances in and out of the cell
Nucleus: covered by bilayered membrane (nuclear envelope), contains DNA and RNA
- Chromosome: thread-like structure that carries genetic information, contains a single double-stranded DNA molecule
- Chromatin: material that makes up chromosomes, complex of DNA and its associated protein (DNA + histones), "beads on string" appearance
- Chromatid: chromosome copy
- Sister chromatids: chromatids that are bound to each other by a centromere
- Nucleolus: structure found within the nucleus responsible for ribosomal synthesis

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell
Contains folds known as cristae
Site of:
- Kreb cycle/Citric acid cycle/Tricarboxylic acid cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
- Mechanisms for ATP production

Ribosomes

Non-membrane bound organelle responsible for protein synthesis
Composed of rRNA that are created in the nucleolus
Types of RNA:
- rRNA: Ribosomal RNA, forms ribosomes, translates mRNA
- mRNA: Messenger RNA, carries genetic information of DNA, end product of transcription
- tRNA: Transfer RNA, carries amino acids to the ribosomes during translation

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):
- Contains ribosomes, giving it a "rough" appearance
- Site of protein synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):
- Does not contain ribosomes, giving it a "smooth" appearance
- Site of:
  - Steroid synthesis
  - Lipogenesis
  - Detoxification of different substances

Lysosomes

Packaged products of Golgi apparatus
Contains hydrolytic "lysozymes" or enzymes
Responsible for apoptosis or "programmed cell death"

Centrosome

Holds the chromosomes during cellular division
Contains pair of centrioles made of microtubules arranged in a "cartwheel pattern"

Cellular Accessories

Microvilli:
- Increases surface area of a cell, increasing its absorption property
- Example of location: Epithelium of stomach to 2/3 anus (simple columnar with microvilli)
Cilia:
- "9+2 pattern" or "9+0 pattern" arrangement of microtubules
- Example of location: Upper part of respiratory tract and fallopian tube
Flagella:
- Made up of axoneme
- For motility of the cell, longer than cilia
- Types of flagella:
  - Atrichous: absence of flagellum
  - Monotrichous: single flagellum
  - Amphitrichous: flagella are present at both ends of the microorganism
  - Lophotrichous: tufts of flagella at one end of the microorganism
  - Amphilophotrichous: tufts of flagella at both ends of the microorganism
  - Peritrichous: flagella are found around the microorganism

Cellular Division

Interphase:
- G1 phase: "first gap phase", cell grows and still functions as usual
- S phase: "synthesis phase", DNA replication, RNA synthesis
- G2 phase: "second gap phase", cells prepare for mitosis, organelles double in number
Mitosis (PMAT): division of somatic cells, results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells (diploid cells)
- Prophase: nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate, chromatin coils and condenses
- Metaphase: mitotic spindles from centrosomes attach to centromere, chromosomes align at the equator of the cell
- Anaphase: chromosomes split, going towards opposite poles
- Telophase: nuclear membrane reappears, cleavage furrow forms, cytokinesis occurs
Meiosis: division of sex cells
- Meiosis 1: same as mitosis, but homologous chromosomes move towards opposite poles
- Meiosis 2: unique haploid daughter cells enter meiosis 2 (23 chr)

Cellular Physiology

Body composition:
- Body fluid (water): 60% of body weight
- Proteins: 17%
- Fats: 15%
- Carbohydrates: 1%
- Others: 7%
Types of cellular transport:
- Passive transport:
  - Simple diffusion
  - Facilitated diffusion
  - Osmosis
- Active transport:
  - Uses ATP
  - Examples: Na-K pumps, proton pumps
  - Bulk transports: exocytosis, endocytosis

Electrolytes

Ion: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chlorine (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO4-)
Extracellular fluid (ECF): sodium most numerous cation, chloride most numerous anion
Intracellular fluid (ICF): potassium most numerous cation, phosphate most numerous anion

Body Tissues

Types of body tissues:
- Epithelial: lines and covers body surfaces and body cavities
- Connective: protect, support, and bind body tissues together
- Muscular: for movement
- Nervous: receives stimuli and conducts impulses

Cellular Junctions

Desmosomes: attaches same cells together, example of location: epidermis and cardiac muscle cells
Hemidesmosomes: attaches different cells together, example of location: between epidermal cells and basement membrane
Gap junctions: forms a bridge that allows ion diffusion between cells, example of location: nerve cells and cardiac muscle cells
Tight junctions: "zona occludens", prevents leaking of substances
Adherens junctions: "zona adherens", prevents separation of epithelial cells during intestinal contraction### Bone Structure
There are two main types of bone: Primary bone and Secondary bone
Primary bone (aka Woven bone or Immature bone) has randomly arranged cells and fibers, and is less calcified
Secondary bone (aka Lamellar bone or Mature bone) has parallel bundles of collagen, is heavily calcified, and has two subtypes: Spongy bone and Compact bone

Types of Secondary Bone

Spongy bone (aka Cancellous bone or Trabecular bone) is made up of trabeculae
Compact bone is the strongest type of bone and has a functional unit known as the Haversian system or Osteon

Blood Components

Plasma makes up 55% of blood and is mostly water (around 95%) and other substances
Formed Elements (45%) consist of blood cells: Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), and Platelets
White Blood Cells (WBC) are also known as Leukocytes
There are two types of WBC: Granulocytes (Basophil, Eosinophil, and Neutrophil) and Agranulocytes (Monocyte and Lymphocyte)

Granulocytes

Basophil: least numerous, releases Histamine and Heparin, dark blue/purple granules, bilobed or S-shaped nucleus, lives for several months
Eosinophil: kills parasites and modulates inflammation, bilobed nucleus, red/dark pink granules, lives for 1 to 2 weeks
Neutrophil: first line of defense of WBC, kills and phagocytose microorganisms, faint/light pink granules, 3-5 lobes nucleus, lives for 1 to 4 days

Agranulocytes

Monocyte: precursor of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells, largest leukocyte, single nucleus (indented/C-shape/Kidney-shape), lives for hours to years
Lymphocyte: smallest leukocyte with spherical nucleus, important for adaptive immunity, lives for hours to years
- B-lymphocyte: matures in bone marrow
- T-lymphocyte: matures in thymus
  - CD4: T helper
  - CD8: Cytotoxic
  - NK cells: special type of CD8

Red Blood Cells

Most numerous cells in the body, with a lifespan of 120 days
Females: 4-5 million cells/microliter of blood, Males: 5-6 million cells/microliter of blood
Contains Hemoglobin that allows it to carry oxygen

Platelets

Determines fragility of capillaries, with a lifespan of 10 days
Normal value: 150,000 to 450,000 cells/microliter of blood

Lymphatic System

Functions: absorbs fluids not absorbed by veins, filters the fluid in the circulatory system
Lymphatic organs: Primary (Bone Marrow and Thymus), Secondary (Spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes)
Important structures: Lymphatic ducts (carry lymph at the junction of Internal Jugular Vein and Subclavian vein), Cisterna chyli (dilated sac at the lower end of thoracic duct that drains lymph from intestinal and lumbar area)

Integumentary System

Largest system of the body, composed of two parts: Epidermis and Dermis
Epidermis: Keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium with four cell types:
- Keratinocytes: most numerous cells in epidermis, produce keratin
- Melanocytes: produce the pigment melanin, originated from embryonic cells known as neural crest cells
- Langerhans cells: macrophage of epidermis
- Merkel cells: least numerous, detect "Touch" sensations

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Description

Review key concepts of cell biology, including cell membrane, nucleus, and chromosome structure, for the Dental Board Exam.