Cell Biology Definitions
42 Questions
1 Views

Cell Biology Definitions

Created by
@StableEpilogue

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in relation to proteins?

  • Formation of Cys-Cys bridges
  • Translation of mRNA
  • Targeting proteins to the correct location in the cell
  • Biosynthesis of membrane lipids and steroids (correct)

    • Which organelle is responsible for the assembly of proteins?

  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Ribosome (correct)
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

    • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in relation to proteins?

  • Biosynthesis of membrane lipids and steroids
  • Formation of Cys-Cys bridges
  • Translation of mRNA
  • Directing proteins to their correct location in the cell (correct)

    • What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in relation to proteins?

    <p>Synthesis of proteins for secretion or insertion into the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of N-linked glycosylation modifications?

    <p>Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ribosome in relation to mRNA?

    <p>Translation of mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in relation to xenobiotics?

    <p>Detoxification of xenobiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of the formation of Cys-Cys bridges?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of secretory vesicles?

    <p>Release of contents outside the cell through exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle has a pH of around 5.0 and is involved in autophagy?

    <p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Mechanical support for cells and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of a prokaryote?

    <p>Absence of membranous organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the detoxification of harmful substances?

    <p>Peroxisome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cilia?

    <p>Sensing movement of fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of plasmalogens?

    <p>Peroxisome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes?

    <p>Involved in organelle turnover and autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a cell and an organelle?

    <p>A cell is a semi-independent living unit, while an organelle is a subunit within a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of a tissue?

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of a cell?

    <p>1,000-5,000 µm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an organized assembly of cells and their extracellular products?

    <p>Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an organelle?

    <p>A subunit within a cell with a defined structure and performing specific integrated activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a diffuse functional network of cells situated in many parts of the body?

    <p>System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of an erythrocyte?

    <p>100 µm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a semi-independent living unit within the body?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of size in cells?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in cells?

    <p>Mechanical strength of the cell and control of shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum resolvable size without the aid of a microscope?

    <p>0.2mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleus in animal cells?

    <p>Storage of chromosomes and site of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nuclear envelope in animal cells?

    <p>Regulation of the entrance and exit of mRNA and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in animal cells?

    <p>Aerobic oxidation of glucose to generate ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cytosol in animal cells?

    <p>Aqueous environment within the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in animal cells?

    <p>Regulation of entry and exit of chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nucleolus in animal cells?

    <p>Site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome biogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gap junctions in animal cells?

    <p>Efficient movement of metabolites between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is unique to eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a mitotic spindle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is not present in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of viruses?

    <p>To invade host cells and subvert protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Single circular chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Modification and packaging of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of paired linear chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of histones in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>To package DNA into chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Biology Definitions

    • A cell is a semi-independent, living unit within the body that consists of an aqueous solution of organic molecules surrounded by a membrane.
    • An organelle is a subunit within a cell with a defined structure and specific functions, some of which are bounded by membranes.
    • A tissue is an organized assembly of cells and their extracellular products that carry out similar and coordinated activities within the body.
    • An organ is an assembly of tissues coordinated to perform specific functions within the body.
    • A system is an assembly of organs with specific, related activities, sharing regulatory influences.

    Cell Size and Limitations

    • Cells have a maximum size, with a normal range of volume between 1,000-5,000 µm3.
    • Exceptions to this range include erythrocytes (100 µm3) and oocytes (4,000,000 µm3).
    • The size of cells is limited by the rate of diffusion, including the movement of metabolites, uptake of oxygen, and movement of mRNA and vesicles.
    • Diffusion is less efficient at distances greater than 50µm.
    • Solutions to these problems include the use of cytoskeleton to actively move things around cells, creating "giant" cells with multiple nuclei, and gap junctions between cells for efficient movement of metabolites.

    Visualizing Cells and Organelles

    • Light microscopes have a limited ability to visualize components of cells, only resolving the nucleus and plasma membrane.
    • Electron microscopes (EM) are needed to visualize the full range of organelles, with a resolution range of 10mm – 0.1nm.
    • EM sample preparation is highly artificial, involving fixation, dehydration, and dead cells.
    • The minimum resolvable size by unaided eye is 0.2mm, while the range resolvable by light microscope is 10mm – 200nm, and by electron microscope is 10mm – 0.1nm.

    Organelles in Animal Cells

    • Plasma membrane: a phospholipid bilayer that defines the boundary of the cell, regulates entry and exit of chemicals, and provides mechanical strength.
    • Cytosol: an aqueous environment within the plasma membrane.
    • Cytoplasm: cytosol plus organelles.
    • Cytoskeleton: consists of three types of protein polymers (actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate fibers) that provide mechanical strength, control shape, facilitate movement, and guide movement within cells.
    • Nucleus: surrounded by a nuclear membrane, the largest organelle (3-10μm) that stores chromosomes, is the site of DNA replication, and is the site of gene expression.
    • Nucleolus: a region of the nucleus that is the site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome biogenesis.
    • Nuclear membrane/nuclear envelope: a double phospholipid bilayer that regulates the entrance and exit of mRNA and proteins, and maintains the integrity of the nucleus.
    • Mitochondria: surrounded by a membrane, involved in aerobic oxidation of glucose to generate ATP, components of the Electron Transport Chain, and oxidation of fatty acids.
    • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): a membrane bilayer surrounded by endosomes, continuous from the outer nuclear membrane, involved in mRNA translation, protein synthesis, and folding.
    • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): a membrane bilayer surrounded by endosomes, involved in biosynthesis of membrane lipids and steroids, and detoxification of xenobiotics.
    • Ribosome: a protein–rRNA complex that assembles responsible for the translation of mRNA and the synthesis of proteins.
    • Golgi apparatus: consists of 4-8 closely stacked, membrane-bound channels that direct new proteins within vesicles to their correct location in the cell.
    • Secretory vesicles: membrane-bound spheres that bud off from the Golgi, fuse with the inner surface of the plasma membrane, and release their contents (exocytosis).
    • Lysosome: a membrane-bound vesicle that contains >50 hydrolytic enzymes for all major cellular macromolecules, involved in organelle turnover/replacement and autophagy.
    • Peroxisome: a membrane-bound organelle involved in detoxification, phospholipid synthesis, and oxidation of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids.
    • Cilia: hair-like extensions of the plasma membrane that sense movement of fluid, move liquid, or detect sound.
    • Extracellular matrix (ECM): a protein and carbohydrate supporting network outside of cells that provides mechanical support for cells/tissues.

    Prokaryote, Eukaryote, and Virus

    • Prokaryote: a single-celled organism with a circular chromosome, no nucleus, and no membranous organelles (e.g. Bacteria).
    • Eukaryote: a cell or organism with chromosomes enclosed in a nucleus, typically having cytoplasmic, membrane-bound organelles, and DNA divided into a series of linear chromosomes (e.g. plants, fungi, animals, protozoa, algae).
    • Virus: an assemblage of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and proteins that is parasitic on prokaryotes/eukaryotes, invading cells, subverting their protein synthesis machinery to make more viruses, and then escaping to infect other cells.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    CBS Cells And Organelles BACKGROUND PDF

    Description

    Learn key definitions in cell biology, including cells, organelles, tissues, and organs. Understand the structures and functions of these fundamental units of life.

    More Like This

    Biology: Cellular Structure
    25 questions

    Biology: Cellular Structure

    CompatibleAtlanta avatar
    CompatibleAtlanta
    Biology: Cell Structure and Functions
    40 questions

    Biology: Cell Structure and Functions

    lggm avatar
    lggm
    Biology Basics: Atom to Organ
    10 questions

    Biology Basics: Atom to Organ

    PalatialRational avatar
    PalatialRational
    Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life
    52 questions

    Cell: The Fundamental Unit of Life

    EntertainingSandDune avatar
    EntertainingSandDune
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser