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Questions and Answers
What is the basic unit of structure in the human body?
What is the main function of the nervous tissue?
What is the perichondrium?
What is the result of repeated division of the ovum during early development stages?
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What is an example of areolar tissue?
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What is the function of the ectodermal layer?
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What is the coronal plane?
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What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
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What is a wheal?
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What is the pH balance of healthy skin?
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What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
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What is the primary function of the skeletal muscular system?
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What is the definition of osteoarthritis?
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What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?
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What type of bone disorder is characterized by excessive bone fragility?
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What is the term for a skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping?
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What is the primary location of compact bone?
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What type of joint is characterized by being functionally immobile?
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Aerobic cellular respiration takes place in which part of the muscle cell?
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What is the term for the capacity of muscles to receive and react to stimuli?
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What is the main function of the cytoplasm?
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What is the primary function of the Arrector pili muscles?
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What is the main characteristic of adipose tissue?
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What is the main function of the stratum germinativum?
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What is the primary function of the pavilion corpuscles?
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What is the characteristic of the fluid secreted by the eccrine glands?
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What is the characteristic of a cyst?
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What is the pH balance of healthy skin?
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What is the location of the shoulder joint?
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What is the function of the dorsal cavities?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive oiliness of the skin and a chronic inflammatory condition of the cheeks and nose?
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What is the term for the bony plates that form the structure of irregularly shaped spaces within long bones?
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What type of joint allows for movement through all planes of the body?
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What is the term for the network of membranous channels within the muscle cell that release calcium ions, causing muscle contractions?
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What is the term for the chronic disease that erodes the articular cartilage and results in abnormal bone thickening and progressive joint immobility?
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What is the term for the type of bone that forms the shafts of long bones and the outside of flat bones?
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What is the term for the type of muscle movement responsible for locomotion and all motor functions?
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What is the term for the thin, dry or oily plate of epidermal flakes that can be found on the skin?
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What is the term for the type of bone disorder characterized by excessive bone fragility?
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What is the term for the type of joint that is functionally immobile?
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Study Notes
Cellular Biology
- The human cell is considered the basic unit of structure.
- Protoplasm is a colorless, jelly-like substance that contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water.
- The principal parts of a cell are the cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane.
Cellular Differentiation
- Differentiation is the process of specialization of cells through repeated division during early development stages.
Cellular Metabolism
- Anabolism is the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Tissue Types
- Ectodermal (outer) layer cells form glands of the skin, linings of the mouth, anal canal, epidermis, hair, nails, and nervous system.
- Perichondrium is a membrane that covers cartilage.
- Nervous tissue initiates, controls, and coordinates the body's adaptation to its surroundings.
- Adipose tissue is areolar tissue with an abundance of fat-containing cells.
Body Orientation and Structure
- The coronal plane divides the body into front and back.
- Dorsal cavities contain cranial and spinal cavities.
- The shoulder joint is located in the deltoid region.
Skin Structure and Functions
- Stratum spinosum varies in thickness and consists of irregularly shaped cells containing melanin.
- Stratum germinativum is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
- Pavilion corpuscles are egg-shaped receptors found throughout the subcutaneous layer, sensitive to vibration and pressure.
- Healthy skin has a slightly acidic pH balance.
Skin Functions and Disorders
- Eccrine glands secrete a fluid composed mostly of water and some bodily wastes.
- Arrector pili muscles cause goose bumps.
- A cyst is a closed, abnormally developed sac containing pus, semifluid, or morbid matter above or below the skin.
- A wheal is an itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, scratch, insect bite, or skin allergy.
- An excoriation is a skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping.
- A scale is a thin, dry or oily plate of epidermal flakes.
- Rosacea is associated with excessive oiliness of the skin and chronic inflammation of the cheeks and nose.
Bone Structure and Functions
- Basal cell carcinomas are the most common and least malignant type of skin cancer.
- Long bones, such as legs, arms, fingers, and toes, have compact bone forming their shafts and the outside of flat bones.
- Inside long bones, calcaneus bone consists of irregularly shaped spaces defined by thin bony plates called trabeculae.
- The thoracic cage consists of ribs and sternum.
- The patella is also known as the knee cap.
Joints and Movement
- Synarthrotic joints are functionally or essentially immobile.
- The ball and socket joint allows the greatest range of motion and movement through all planes of the body.
- Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that accompanies aging, eroding articular cartilage and resulting in abnormal bone thickening and progressive joint immobility.
Muscle Functions and Structure
- Muscle movement is responsible for locomotion, breathing, moving fluids, and transporting goods through the digestive system.
- The skeletal muscular system consists of over 600 large and small muscles.
- Irritability refers to the capacity of muscles to receive and react to stimuli.
- The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous channels within the muscle cell that release calcium ions, causing muscle contractions.
- Aerobic cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of the muscle cell.
Cellular Biology
- The human cell is considered the basic unit of structure.
- Protoplasm is a colorless, jelly-like substance that contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water.
- The principal parts of a cell are the cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane.
Cellular Differentiation
- Differentiation is the process of specialization of cells through repeated division during early development stages.
Cellular Metabolism
- Anabolism is the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Tissue Types
- Ectodermal (outer) layer cells form glands of the skin, linings of the mouth, anal canal, epidermis, hair, nails, and nervous system.
- Perichondrium is a membrane that covers cartilage.
- Nervous tissue initiates, controls, and coordinates the body's adaptation to its surroundings.
- Adipose tissue is areolar tissue with an abundance of fat-containing cells.
Body Orientation and Structure
- The coronal plane divides the body into front and back.
- Dorsal cavities contain cranial and spinal cavities.
- The shoulder joint is located in the deltoid region.
Skin Structure and Functions
- Stratum spinosum varies in thickness and consists of irregularly shaped cells containing melanin.
- Stratum germinativum is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
- Pavilion corpuscles are egg-shaped receptors found throughout the subcutaneous layer, sensitive to vibration and pressure.
- Healthy skin has a slightly acidic pH balance.
Skin Functions and Disorders
- Eccrine glands secrete a fluid composed mostly of water and some bodily wastes.
- Arrector pili muscles cause goose bumps.
- A cyst is a closed, abnormally developed sac containing pus, semifluid, or morbid matter above or below the skin.
- A wheal is an itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, scratch, insect bite, or skin allergy.
- An excoriation is a skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping.
- A scale is a thin, dry or oily plate of epidermal flakes.
- Rosacea is associated with excessive oiliness of the skin and chronic inflammation of the cheeks and nose.
Bone Structure and Functions
- Basal cell carcinomas are the most common and least malignant type of skin cancer.
- Long bones, such as legs, arms, fingers, and toes, have compact bone forming their shafts and the outside of flat bones.
- Inside long bones, calcaneus bone consists of irregularly shaped spaces defined by thin bony plates called trabeculae.
- The thoracic cage consists of ribs and sternum.
- The patella is also known as the knee cap.
Joints and Movement
- Synarthrotic joints are functionally or essentially immobile.
- The ball and socket joint allows the greatest range of motion and movement through all planes of the body.
- Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that accompanies aging, eroding articular cartilage and resulting in abnormal bone thickening and progressive joint immobility.
Muscle Functions and Structure
- Muscle movement is responsible for locomotion, breathing, moving fluids, and transporting goods through the digestive system.
- The skeletal muscular system consists of over 600 large and small muscles.
- Irritability refers to the capacity of muscles to receive and react to stimuli.
- The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous channels within the muscle cell that release calcium ions, causing muscle contractions.
- Aerobic cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of the muscle cell.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the basic structure and functions of human cells, including cell components, differentiation, and metabolic processes.
