Biology: Cell Structure and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the basic unit of structure in the human body?

  • Tissue
  • Cell (correct)
  • System
  • Organ

    • What is the main function of the nervous tissue?

  • Initiates, controls, and coordinates the body's adaptation to its surroundings (correct)
  • Produces hormones to regulate body functions
  • Provides structural support to the body
  • Regulates body temperature

    • What is the perichondrium?

  • A type of bone
  • A type of cartilage
  • The membrane that covers cartilage (correct)
  • A type of muscle

    • What is the result of repeated division of the ovum during early development stages?

    <p>Specialized cells that differ from one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of areolar tissue?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ectodermal layer?

    <p>Forms all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the coronal plane?

    <p>Divides the body into front and back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

    <p>Stratum germinativum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a wheal?

    <p>A type of skin reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH balance of healthy skin?

    <p>Slightly acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skeletal muscular system?

    <p>Locomotion and all motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of osteoarthritis?

    <p>A chronic disease that erodes the articular cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?

    <p>To release calcium ions causing muscle contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone disorder is characterized by excessive bone fragility?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping?

    <p>Excoriation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of compact bone?

    <p>Inside long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint is characterized by being functionally immobile?

    <p>Synarthrotic joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aerobic cellular respiration takes place in which part of the muscle cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the capacity of muscles to receive and react to stimuli?

    <p>Irritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cytoplasm?

    <p>To contain food elements such as proteins, fats, carbs, and mineral salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Arrector pili muscles?

    <p>To cause goose bumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of adipose tissue?

    <p>It is a type of connective tissue with an abundance of fat-containing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the stratum germinativum?

    <p>To regenerate skin cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pavilion corpuscles?

    <p>To detect changes in pressure and vibration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the fluid secreted by the eccrine glands?

    <p>It is mostly water and contains some bodily wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a cyst?

    <p>It is a closed, abnormally developed sac that contains pus, semifluid, or morbid matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH balance of healthy skin?

    <p>Slightly acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the shoulder joint?

    <p>Deltoid region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the dorsal cavities?

    <p>To contain the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive oiliness of the skin and a chronic inflammatory condition of the cheeks and nose?

    <p>Rosacea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the bony plates that form the structure of irregularly shaped spaces within long bones?

    <p>Trabeculae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of joint allows for movement through all planes of the body?

    <p>Ball and socket joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the network of membranous channels within the muscle cell that release calcium ions, causing muscle contractions?

    <p>Sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chronic disease that erodes the articular cartilage and results in abnormal bone thickening and progressive joint immobility?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone that forms the shafts of long bones and the outside of flat bones?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of muscle movement responsible for locomotion and all motor functions?

    <p>Skeletal movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the thin, dry or oily plate of epidermal flakes that can be found on the skin?

    <p>Scale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bone disorder characterized by excessive bone fragility?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of joint that is functionally immobile?

    <p>Synarthrotic joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Biology

    • The human cell is considered the basic unit of structure.
    • Protoplasm is a colorless, jelly-like substance that contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water.
    • The principal parts of a cell are the cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane.

    Cellular Differentiation

    • Differentiation is the process of specialization of cells through repeated division during early development stages.

    Cellular Metabolism

    • Anabolism is the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

    Tissue Types

    • Ectodermal (outer) layer cells form glands of the skin, linings of the mouth, anal canal, epidermis, hair, nails, and nervous system.
    • Perichondrium is a membrane that covers cartilage.
    • Nervous tissue initiates, controls, and coordinates the body's adaptation to its surroundings.
    • Adipose tissue is areolar tissue with an abundance of fat-containing cells.

    Body Orientation and Structure

    • The coronal plane divides the body into front and back.
    • Dorsal cavities contain cranial and spinal cavities.
    • The shoulder joint is located in the deltoid region.

    Skin Structure and Functions

    • Stratum spinosum varies in thickness and consists of irregularly shaped cells containing melanin.
    • Stratum germinativum is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
    • Pavilion corpuscles are egg-shaped receptors found throughout the subcutaneous layer, sensitive to vibration and pressure.
    • Healthy skin has a slightly acidic pH balance.

    Skin Functions and Disorders

    • Eccrine glands secrete a fluid composed mostly of water and some bodily wastes.
    • Arrector pili muscles cause goose bumps.
    • A cyst is a closed, abnormally developed sac containing pus, semifluid, or morbid matter above or below the skin.
    • A wheal is an itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, scratch, insect bite, or skin allergy.
    • An excoriation is a skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping.
    • A scale is a thin, dry or oily plate of epidermal flakes.
    • Rosacea is associated with excessive oiliness of the skin and chronic inflammation of the cheeks and nose.

    Bone Structure and Functions

    • Basal cell carcinomas are the most common and least malignant type of skin cancer.
    • Long bones, such as legs, arms, fingers, and toes, have compact bone forming their shafts and the outside of flat bones.
    • Inside long bones, calcaneus bone consists of irregularly shaped spaces defined by thin bony plates called trabeculae.
    • The thoracic cage consists of ribs and sternum.
    • The patella is also known as the knee cap.

    Joints and Movement

    • Synarthrotic joints are functionally or essentially immobile.
    • The ball and socket joint allows the greatest range of motion and movement through all planes of the body.
    • Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that accompanies aging, eroding articular cartilage and resulting in abnormal bone thickening and progressive joint immobility.

    Muscle Functions and Structure

    • Muscle movement is responsible for locomotion, breathing, moving fluids, and transporting goods through the digestive system.
    • The skeletal muscular system consists of over 600 large and small muscles.
    • Irritability refers to the capacity of muscles to receive and react to stimuli.
    • The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous channels within the muscle cell that release calcium ions, causing muscle contractions.
    • Aerobic cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of the muscle cell.

    Cellular Biology

    • The human cell is considered the basic unit of structure.
    • Protoplasm is a colorless, jelly-like substance that contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water.
    • The principal parts of a cell are the cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane.

    Cellular Differentiation

    • Differentiation is the process of specialization of cells through repeated division during early development stages.

    Cellular Metabolism

    • Anabolism is the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

    Tissue Types

    • Ectodermal (outer) layer cells form glands of the skin, linings of the mouth, anal canal, epidermis, hair, nails, and nervous system.
    • Perichondrium is a membrane that covers cartilage.
    • Nervous tissue initiates, controls, and coordinates the body's adaptation to its surroundings.
    • Adipose tissue is areolar tissue with an abundance of fat-containing cells.

    Body Orientation and Structure

    • The coronal plane divides the body into front and back.
    • Dorsal cavities contain cranial and spinal cavities.
    • The shoulder joint is located in the deltoid region.

    Skin Structure and Functions

    • Stratum spinosum varies in thickness and consists of irregularly shaped cells containing melanin.
    • Stratum germinativum is the deepest layer of the epidermis.
    • Pavilion corpuscles are egg-shaped receptors found throughout the subcutaneous layer, sensitive to vibration and pressure.
    • Healthy skin has a slightly acidic pH balance.

    Skin Functions and Disorders

    • Eccrine glands secrete a fluid composed mostly of water and some bodily wastes.
    • Arrector pili muscles cause goose bumps.
    • A cyst is a closed, abnormally developed sac containing pus, semifluid, or morbid matter above or below the skin.
    • A wheal is an itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, scratch, insect bite, or skin allergy.
    • An excoriation is a skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping.
    • A scale is a thin, dry or oily plate of epidermal flakes.
    • Rosacea is associated with excessive oiliness of the skin and chronic inflammation of the cheeks and nose.

    Bone Structure and Functions

    • Basal cell carcinomas are the most common and least malignant type of skin cancer.
    • Long bones, such as legs, arms, fingers, and toes, have compact bone forming their shafts and the outside of flat bones.
    • Inside long bones, calcaneus bone consists of irregularly shaped spaces defined by thin bony plates called trabeculae.
    • The thoracic cage consists of ribs and sternum.
    • The patella is also known as the knee cap.

    Joints and Movement

    • Synarthrotic joints are functionally or essentially immobile.
    • The ball and socket joint allows the greatest range of motion and movement through all planes of the body.
    • Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that accompanies aging, eroding articular cartilage and resulting in abnormal bone thickening and progressive joint immobility.

    Muscle Functions and Structure

    • Muscle movement is responsible for locomotion, breathing, moving fluids, and transporting goods through the digestive system.
    • The skeletal muscular system consists of over 600 large and small muscles.
    • Irritability refers to the capacity of muscles to receive and react to stimuli.
    • The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous channels within the muscle cell that release calcium ions, causing muscle contractions.
    • Aerobic cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of the muscle cell.

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