Biology: Cells and Their Functions

Biology

• Cells and Cell Theory: Cell theory postulates all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• Cell Organelles: Each organelle has a specific structure and function within a cell. Examples include mitochondria (energy production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), and the nucleus (control center).
• Mitosis: Cell division process resulting in two identical daughter cells. Key stages include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• Specialized Cells: Cells with differing structures and functions tailored to specific roles. Examples: red blood cells for oxygen transport, nerve cells for communication.
• Systems: Identify parts of the circulatory (heart, blood vessels, blood), respiratory (lungs, trachea, bronchi), and digestive (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines) systems and their functions. Understand how these systems work together.
• Plant Structures: Know plant structures (roots, stems, leaves) and their functions (absorption, support, photosynthesis).
• Cancer: Abnormal cell growth leading to tumors.

Chemistry

• Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams: Visual representations of atomic structure, including protons, neutrons, and electrons arranged in energy levels.
• Balancing Chemical Equations: Ensure the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation.
• Nomenclature: Naming chemical compounds according to specific rules.
• Ionic Compounds: Compounds formed by the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals, resulting in oppositely charged ions.
• Covalent/Molecular Compounds: Compounds formed by the sharing of electrons between nonmetals.
• Polyatomic Ions: Groups of atoms that carry a net electric charge.
• Multivalent Ionic Compounds: Ionic compounds that contain metal ions with more than one possible charge (e.g., iron(II) or iron(III)).
• Physical and Chemical Changes: Distinguish changes that alter the substance’s physical appearance from changes that alter its chemical nature.
• Acids and Bases: Substances with specific properties, often described by pH.

Physics (Optics)

• Electromagnetic Spectrum: The range of all electromagnetic radiation, including visible light.
• Ray Diagrams: Visual representations of light rays used to trace the path of light through optical systems (mirrors, lenses).
• Reflection (Mirrors): Light bouncing off surfaces; plane mirrors create upright, virtual images; concave mirrors produce real or virtual images, depending on object position; and convex mirrors always produce virtual, reduced images.
• Refraction (Lenses): Light bending as it passes from one medium to another; converging lenses cause light rays to converge, while diverging lenses cause light rays to diverge.
• Lens Calculations: Applying formulas to calculate image distance and magnification for lenses.
• The Human Eye: Structure and function of the human eye as an optical instrument.

Climate Change

• Climate vs Weather: Distinguish between short-term weather patterns and long-term climate trends.
• Greenhouse Gases: Gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane) that trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and climate change.

This quiz covers essential concepts related to cells and cell theory, including the structure and function of organelles, the process of mitosis, and the roles of specialized cells. Additionally, it explores the interconnectivity of biological systems such as the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems. Test your understanding of these foundational topics in biology!