Questions and Answers
Which type of white blood cell is specialized in killing tumor cells or cells infected with viruses?
Which type of agranulocyte has a large kidney bean-shaped nucleus and can differentiate into macrophages?
What is the main function of T memory cells in the immune response?
What is the primary function of astrocytes in the nervous system?
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Which type of muscle cell is characterized by voluntary movement and striations?
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Which type of white blood cell is the least frequent and has the ability to secrete anticoagulants?
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Which type of cell is responsible for bone resorption?
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What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the cell wall?
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What is one important role of the vacuole in plant cells?
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Which components of the cytoskeleton assist in cell mobility?
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How do peroxisomes function in lipid metabolism?
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Which organelle is primarily involved in packaging proteins for export?
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What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)?
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What is the significance of centrioles in animal cells?
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Which of the following statements is true about prokaryotic cells?
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What component of prokaryotic cells helps in retaining moisture and adhering to surfaces?
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What structural component provides protection and shape to bacterial cells?
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Which of the following accurately describes the cell wall composition in Domain Archaea?
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What is the primary function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
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What type of stem cells have the ability to differentiate into almost all cell types?
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What primary function do osteocytes serve in bone remodeling?
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What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
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Which type of blood cells are biconcave discs and transport oxygen?
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Which type of cell is primarily responsible for producing the pigment responsible for skin coloration?
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Which cellular component aids locomotion in prokaryotic cells?
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What is the correct order of events in the cell cycle during eukaryotic cell division?
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What is a function of microvilli in epithelial cells?
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Which type of modification occurs in epithelial cells that are involved in touch sensation?
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Which plant cells are associated with storing water and minerals?
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Which of the following statements about meiosis is true?
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Which structure is unique to the flagella and not found in other cellular structures?
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What type of cilia is involved in locomotion and found in the trachea?
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What type of plant cell is designed to support without restricting growth?
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During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
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What occurs during the G2 Phase of the cell cycle?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for finalizing the process of cytokinesis?
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What is a key characteristic of erythrocytes?
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What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?
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Which of the following correctly describes the phases of mitosis?
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Study Notes
Modern Cell Theory
- Genetic material is inherited through chromosomes from parent cells to daughter cells.
- All cells share a basic composition, generally surrounded by a cell wall and filled with cytoplasm or cytosol.
Cell Organelles
- Cell Wall: Protects the plasma membrane; allows for absorption of water into the vacuole.
- Vacuole: Large membranous sacs for storage, can occupy up to 90% of cell volume; maintains turgor pressure.
- Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, supports mobility, and aids in transportation of signals; forms cilia and flagella in certain cells.
- Peroxisome: Encloses enzymes for lipid metabolism; produces hydrogen peroxide, which is then broken down by catalase.
- Golgi Apparatus: Stacks of vesicles responsible for packing and distribution of molecules, including proteins.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Bridge between nucleus and cytoplasm;
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances; aids in transportation.
- Centrioles: Short cylinders made of microtubules, involved in cell division and formation of cilia and flagella.
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotes: Simple, single-celled organisms (0.1-5.0 micrometers); capable of thriving in extreme environments; include:
- Domain Bacteria: Characterized by unbranched fatty acid chains and peptidoglycan cell walls; sensitive to some antibiotics.
- Domain Archaea: Composed of branched hydrocarbon chains; thrive in extreme conditions; not sensitive to traditional antibiotics.
- Eukaryotes: Complex structures, larger (10-100 micrometers); include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
Cell Types
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Stem Cells: Capable of differentiating into various cell types; include:
- Adult Stem Cells: Repair specialized tissues.
- Embryonic Stem Cells: Pluripotent, can develop into almost any cell type.
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Blood Cells:
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Biconcave shape, transport oxygen using hemoglobin.
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Essential for immune response; divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
- Platelets (Thrombocytes): Cell fragments involved in clotting.
- Nerve Cells (Neurons): Transmit information throughout the body.
- Neuroglial Cells: Support and protect neurons; include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, and ependymal cells.
- Muscle Cells (Myocytes): Contain actin and myosin proteins; types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells.
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Bone Cells:
- Osteoclasts: Resorb bone.
- Osteoblasts: Generate new bone.
- Osteocytes: Maintain bone tissue.
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Skin Cells:
- Keratinocytes: Produce keratin for protection.
- Melanocytes: Synthesize melanin for skin pigmentation.
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Plant Cells:
- Parenchyma Cells: Involved in storage and photosynthesis.
- Collenchyma Cells: Provide flexible support.
- Sclerenchyma Cells: Provide rigidity.
Cell Modifications
- Specializations that arise after cell division; include:
- Apical Modifications: Structures like cilia and microvilli increase surface area for absorption and sensation.
- Basal Modifications: Attachment to the basal lamina.
- Lateral Modifications: Strong intercellular adhesion.
Cell Cycle Phases
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Cell Division: Process through which cells replicate.
- Binary Fission: Simple division method for prokaryotes involving DNA replication, segregation, and cytokinesis.
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Eukaryotic Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Somatic cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells; consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- Meiosis: Cell division for gamete formation, involving distinct stages of the cell cycle.
- Interphase: Preparation phase for cell division; includes G1, S, and G2 phases, focusing on cell growth and DNA replication.
- Mitotic (M) Phase: DNA separation and cytoplasm division; includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
- G0 Phase: Non-dividing state of some cells, which may permanently remain inactive.
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Description
Explore the principles of the modern cell theory, which emphasizes the role of chromosomes in genetic inheritance and the composition of cells. Delve into cell organelles, their functions, and the structure of the cell, including the protective cell wall and cytoplasm. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological concepts.
