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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
To separate the cell from its environment
What is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
The presence or absence of a nucleus
What type of transport involves the movement of molecules from high to low concentration?
Diffusion
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
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What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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What are the two main components of an ecosystem?
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What is the role of producers in an ecosystem?
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What is the basic structure of DNA?
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What is the relationship between genes and traits?
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Study Notes
Cells
- Basic structural and functional units of life
- Consist of:
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane): semi-permeable membrane that separates cell from environment
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell membrane
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Cell types:
- Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus, e.g. bacteria
- Eukaryotic cells: have nucleus, e.g. plants, animals, fungi
Cell Transport
- Movement of molecules across cell membrane
- Types of transport:
- Passive transport:
- Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules from high to low concentration
- Active transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
- Passive transport:
Photosynthesis
- Process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria produce glucose from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
- Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
- Importance: produces oxygen and glucose for energy
Cellular Respiration
- Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Equation: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)
- Types of respiration:
- Aerobic respiration: uses oxygen, produces ATP
- Anaerobic respiration: does not use oxygen, produces less ATP
Ecosystems
- Communities of living and non-living things interacting with each other
- Components:
- Biotic factors: living things (plants, animals, microorganisms)
- Abiotic factors: non-living things (water, sunlight, temperature, soil)
- Interactions:
- Producers: convert sunlight into energy (plants, algae)
- Consumers: obtain energy by consuming other organisms
- Decomposers: break down dead organisms into nutrients
Genetics
- Study of heredity and variation
- Key concepts:
- DNA: genetic material that contains instructions for growth and development
- Genes: segments of DNA that code for specific traits
- Traits: characteristics of an organism (e.g. eye color, height)
- Inheritance: passing of traits from parents to offspring
Cells
- Basic units of life, consisting of cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
- Cell membrane is semi-permeable, separating cell from environment
- Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside cell membrane
- Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
Cell Types
- Prokaryotic cells: lack nucleus, e.g. bacteria
- Eukaryotic cells: have nucleus, e.g. plants, animals, fungi
Cell Transport
- Movement of molecules across cell membrane
- Passive transport: diffusion and osmosis
- Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules from high to low concentration
- Active transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
Photosynthesis
- Process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria produce glucose from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
- Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2
- Produces oxygen and glucose for energy
Cellular Respiration
- Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Equation: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy)
- Aerobic respiration: uses oxygen, produces ATP
- Anaerobic respiration: does not use oxygen, produces less ATP
Ecosystems
- Communities of living and non-living things interacting with each other
- Biotic factors: living things (plants, animals, microorganisms)
- Abiotic factors: non-living things (water, sunlight, temperature, soil)
- Producers: convert sunlight into energy (plants, algae)
- Consumers: obtain energy by consuming other organisms
- Decomposers: break down dead organisms into nutrients
Genetics
- Study of heredity and variation
- DNA: genetic material that contains instructions for growth and development
- Genes: segments of DNA that code for specific traits
- Traits: characteristics of an organism (e.g. eye color, height)
- Inheritance: passing of traits from parents to offspring
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Description
Understand the basic structure and function of cells, including cell membranes, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Learn about different cell types and cell transport mechanisms.
