Human Anatomy and Physiology - Chapters 1-4

Chapter 1

• Define anatomy and physiology
• Explain the importance of structure-function relationships
• Define six characteristics of life
• Define homeostasis
• Explain negative and positive feedback mechanisms
• Define directional terms
• Describe serous membranes

Chapter 2

• Describe how water properties contribute to physiological functions
• Describe the pH scale and its relationship to acidic, basic, and neutral solutions

Chapter 3

• Describe the nature of plasma membranes and material passage
• List and explain the three ways molecules and ions cross the plasma membrane (diffusion, osmosis)
• Describe hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions
• Describe endocytosis and exocytosis
• Describe the structure and function of mitochondria
• Describe the two-step process of gene expression
• Explain the roles of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in protein production
• Describe apoptosis

Chapter 4

• List the four primary tissue types
• Describe general characteristics of epithelial tissue
• Describe exocrine and endocrine glands
• Describe major connective tissue functions
• Describe characteristics of different connective tissues
• Describe the general structure of three muscle tissue types
• Describe nervous tissue structures and functions of neurons and glia
• Describe mucous, serous, and synovial membranes

Chapter 5

• Describe the structure of the epidermis
• Describe major factors affecting skin color
• Describe the structure of the dermis
• Describe subcutaneous tissue
• List glands of the skin and their secretions
• Explain how skin acts as a sense organ
• Discuss the importance of skin in temperature regulation
• Label skin structure

Chapter 6

• List components of the skeletal system
• Relate cartilage's importance to skeletal system structure
• Describe cartilage growth
• Classify bones based on shape
• Label parts of a typical long bone
• Outline and explain the steps in bone repair
• Label long bones and bone tissue
• Define anatomical terms for bone features
• List bone shapes
• Name bones of the skull
• Describe bone girdles
• Name major bones of upper and lower limbs
• Distinguish between male and female pelvis
• Identify and describe bones of lower limbs
• Label posterior and anterior skeleton, skull
• Classify joints (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)
• Describe joint movements
• Distinguish between joint movements (rotation, circumduction)

Chapter 7

• Summarize characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
• Describe muscle fiber components
• Illustrate myofilament arrangement in a sarcomere
• Describe the sliding filament model
• Describe A band, I band, and H zone changes during contraction

Chapter 8

• Describe ion channels in action potential production
• Discuss depolarization and repolarization
• State the all-or-none principle
• Describe neuromuscular junction structure
• Describe cross-bridge movement in muscle contraction
• Describe conditions for muscle relaxation
• Explain how force of contraction is increased
• Describe how muscle tone is maintained
• Describe four sources of energy for ATP production in muscles
• Describe muscle fatigue
• Describe two types of smooth muscles
• Describe cardiac muscle characteristics
• Label muscle structure

Chapter 9

• Define origin, insertion, agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator
• Describe classes of levers
• Identify muscles responsible for eye movement, describe those movements
• Describe thoracic muscles
• Describe abdominal wall muscles
• Describe muscles of shoulder, arm, hip, and thigh
• Label whole-body muscles (anterior and posterior)
• Describe divisions of the nervous system
• Differentiate between somatic and autonomic systems
• Describe neuron structure and function
• Classify neurons based on function
• Describe CNS and PNS glial cells
• Describe myelin sheath
• Explain creation and maintenance of resting membrane potential
• Explain action potential propagation
• Describe refractory period
• Describe the effect of myelination on action potential propagation speed
• List other factors affecting action potential speed
• Describe synapse structure and function
• Describe electrical and chemical synapses
• Describe neurotransmitter release and removal
• Describe neurotransmitter binding to receptor

Chapter 10

• Describe general structure of the spinal cord
• Describe meninges
• Describe cross-section of spinal cord
• Describe components of reflex center
• Describe connective tissue components of a nerve
• Describe 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• Describe dermatomes
• Describe major nerves exiting each plexus and their body regions
• Label spinal cord anatomy, cross-section, meninges, spinal nerve structure, and organization

Chapter 11

• Describe parts of the brainstem and diencephalon
• Describe cerebrum structure including lobes, fissures, sulci, cerebral cortex, cerebral medulla
• Describe functions of each cerebrum lobe
• Describe meninges
• Describe four ventricles
• Describe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation, circulation, and return to blood
• Describe blood supply to the brain
• Describe blood-brain barriers
• Describe 12 cranial nerves
• Label brainstem, cerebrum lobes, meninges layers, ventricles, and cranial nerve location

Chapter 12

• Describe somatic and visceral sensory receptors
• Describe sensory adaptation
• Describe ascending sensory pathways
• Describe sensory and association areas of the cerebral cortex
• Describe primary motor area of the cerebral cortex
• Describe reticular activating system (RAS)
• Contrast cortical areas required for speech
• Describe limbic system
• Label regions of cerebral cortex

Chapter 13

• Describe airborne molecules stimulating action potentials
• Describe areas of brain where olfaction (smell) is processed
• Describe adaptation
• Describe taste buds, taste receptors
• Describe structures of the eye (chambers, fluid, tunic, rods, cones, retina)
• Describe the process of light stimulating action potentials in the retina
• Explain image formation on the retina
• Explain visual cortex function and depth perception
• Describe structures of external ear, middle ear, inner ear (tunnel, chambers, cochlea)
• Describe fluids in ear chambers
• Describe how sound waves travel through the ear to the spinal organ
• Describe vestibular function in static equilibrium
• Describe structures of semicircular canals
• Label structures of eye and ear

Chapter 14

• Describe divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Describe structural and functional differences between somatic and ANS
• Describe preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
• Describe somatic and autonomic motor pathways
• Describe arrangement of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
• Describe organization of the enteric nervous system (ENS)
• Describe dual innervation of the ANS
• Describe sympathetic division during activity or stress
• Describe parasympathetic division during rest
• Describe cholinergic and adrenergic neurons
• Contrast different types of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors
• Label routes of autonomic and somatic nerves to organs

This quiz covers key concepts from the first four chapters of human anatomy and physiology. Topics include the importance of structure-function relationships, characteristics of life, mechanisms of homeostasis, and key physiological processes like molecular transport and tissue types. Perfect for students looking to solidify their understanding of foundational concepts in this field.