Biology: Cell Division and Genetic Mutations

Genetic Mutation

• A genetic mutation is a change to genetic material that can result in disorders.

Ecological Concepts

• Deforestation: the removal of forests.
• Succession: a process of change in species composition of a biological community.
  • Primary succession: occurs in areas where no previous community existed.
  • Secondary succession: occurs in areas where a community has been disturbed or destroyed.

Cell Division Phases

• Prophase: the first stage of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
• Metaphase: the second stage of mitosis, where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.
• Anaphase: the third stage of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
• Telophase: the fourth stage of mitosis, where nuclear envelopes reform and chromatin uncoils.

Cell Division Types

• Mitosis: the division of normal body cells, consisting of interphase, PMAT, and cytokinesis.
• Meiosis: the division of sex cells, resulting in gametes with half the number of chromosomes.

Cell Structure

• Prokaryotic cells: lack a nucleus, found in single-celled organisms like bacteria.
• Eukaryotic cells: have a nucleus, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Physiological Concepts

• Homeostasis: the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
• Stimulus: something that causes a response, such as light, temperature, or touch.
• Response: the reaction caused by a stimulus, such as a muscle contraction or a change in heart rate.

Genetic Mutation

• A genetic mutation is a change to genetic material that can result in disorders.

Ecological Concepts

• Deforestation: the removal of forests.
• Succession: a process of change in species composition of a biological community.
  • Primary succession: occurs in areas where no previous community existed.
  • Secondary succession: occurs in areas where a community has been disturbed or destroyed.

Cell Division Phases

• Prophase: the first stage of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
• Metaphase: the second stage of mitosis, where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.
• Anaphase: the third stage of mitosis, where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
• Telophase: the fourth stage of mitosis, where nuclear envelopes reform and chromatin uncoils.

Cell Division Types

• Mitosis: the division of normal body cells, consisting of interphase, PMAT, and cytokinesis.
• Meiosis: the division of sex cells, resulting in gametes with half the number of chromosomes.

Cell Structure

• Prokaryotic cells: lack a nucleus, found in single-celled organisms like bacteria.
• Eukaryotic cells: have a nucleus, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Physiological Concepts

• Homeostasis: the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
• Stimulus: something that causes a response, such as light, temperature, or touch.
• Response: the reaction caused by a stimulus, such as a muscle contraction or a change in heart rate.