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Questions and Answers
What percentage of blood is typically composed of the liquid portion known as plasma?
What percentage of blood is typically composed of the liquid portion known as plasma?
After centrifugation, which layer of the blood contains the erythrocytes?
After centrifugation, which layer of the blood contains the erythrocytes?
What color layer is observed at the top of a centrifuged blood sample?
What color layer is observed at the top of a centrifuged blood sample?
What is the term used to describe the sediment material consisting of erythrocytes?
What is the term used to describe the sediment material consisting of erythrocytes?
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Which layer is considered the 'formed elements' portion of the blood after centrifugation?
Which layer is considered the 'formed elements' portion of the blood after centrifugation?
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What color is arterial blood typically, and why?
What color is arterial blood typically, and why?
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What is the average volume of blood in a normal adult male?
What is the average volume of blood in a normal adult male?
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Which site is primarily responsible for hematopoiesis in adults?
Which site is primarily responsible for hematopoiesis in adults?
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What is the typical pH level of blood under normal conditions?
What is the typical pH level of blood under normal conditions?
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What characteristic of blood contributes to its higher viscosity compared to water?
What characteristic of blood contributes to its higher viscosity compared to water?
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What is the primary function of the yolk sac during embryonic development?
What is the primary function of the yolk sac during embryonic development?
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What percentage of body weight does blood constitute in a normal healthy adult?
What percentage of body weight does blood constitute in a normal healthy adult?
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How does the color of venous blood differ from that of arterial blood?
How does the color of venous blood differ from that of arterial blood?
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Study Notes
Blood Overview
- Blood is the body's fluid connective tissue, circulating within blood vessels.
- Its movement is unidirectional within the closed circulatory system.
- Blood is composed of a liquid portion (plasma) and solid components (blood cells).
Blood Properties
- Color: Arterial blood (oxygenated) is bright red; venous blood (deoxygenated) is dark purple-red due to higher carbon dioxide content.
- Volume: In a normal adult male: 5-6 liters; in a female: 4-5 liters. In newborns, it averages 450 ml.
- Weight: Approximately 8% of the body weight in a healthy adult.
- Reaction/pH: Slightly alkaline, normally 7.4.
- Viscosity: Five times more viscous than water, due to red blood cells and plasma proteins.
- Temperature: Approximately 38°C; about 1°C higher than body temperature.
Blood Formation
- Early stages: Blood formation (hematopoiesis) occurs in yolk sac, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes during embryonic development.
- Adult stage: Hematopoiesis primarily occurs in the red bone marrow.
Blood Composition
-
Plasma (55%): The liquid portion:
- Water (92%)
- Proteins (7%): Albumins (58%), Globulins (37%), Fibrinogen (4%), Regulatory proteins (1%)
- Other solutes (1%): Electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, and waste products
-
Formed elements (45%): The solid components:
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells): 3.5-5.5 million/mm³
-
Leukocytes (white blood cells): 4,500-11,000/mm³
- Granulocytes (with cytoplasmic granules)
- Neutrophils (54-62%)
- Eosinophils (1-3%)
- Basophils (0-0.75%)
- Agranulocytes (without cytoplasmic granules)
- Lymphocytes (25-33%)
- Monocytes (3-7%)
- Granulocytes (with cytoplasmic granules)
- Platelets (thrombocytes): 150,000-400,000/mm³
Blood Functions
- Transport of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, regulatory substances (hormones), and waste materials.
- Maintenance of body temperature and pH balance.
- Prevention of blood loss through clotting.
- Protection against infections through immune responses.
Abnormal Blood Cell Counts
- Decreased cell number (penia): Anemia (RBCs), leukopenia (WBCs), thrombocytopenia (platelets)
- Increased cell number (cytosis): Leukocytosis (WBCs), thrombocytosis (platelets), polycythemia (RBCs)
Platelets
- Small cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes.
- Measuring 2-4 µm in diameter.
- Average lifespan: 7 to 10 days.
- Number: 150,000-400,000/mm³.
- Function: Crucial in blood clotting and haemostasis
Formed Elements of Blood
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- White blood cells (leukocytes)
- Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Mature cells without nuclei or mitochondria.
- Primarily red-colored, due to hemoglobin.
- Shape: Biconcave disc, increases surface area for gas exchange.
- Average life span: 120 days
- Count: 3.5-5.5 million/mm³
- Function: Transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Crucial role in immune responses.
- Function: Defense system against pathogens, remove debris and damaged cells.
- Types: granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils; and agranular: lymphocytes, monocytes.
- Shape: spherical ; lack hemoglobin.
- Count: 4,500-11,000/mm³
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Description
Explore the fascinating aspects of blood, including its composition, properties, and the processes involved in its formation. This quiz covers critical topics about blood's role as a connective tissue and how it functions within the circulatory system.
