Biology: Blood Components and Immunity
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes in blood?

  • Clot formation
  • Defense against infections
  • Producing antibodies
  • Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)

    • Which component of blood makes up approximately 55% of its volume?

  • Plasma (correct)
  • White blood cells
  • Red blood cells
  • Platelets

    • Which type of immunity is acquired and specific to certain pathogens?

  • Passive immunity
  • Innate immunity
  • Active immunity
  • Adaptive immunity (correct)

    • What role do T cells play in the immune system?

    <p>Provide cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'immunization' refer to?

    <p>The process of inducing immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to a deficiency in red blood cells or hemoglobin?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hematocrit' measure?

    <p>Proportion of red blood cells in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is specifically involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections?

    <p>Eosinophil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An autoimmune disease results from which of the following?

    <p>The immune system attacks the body's own cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the root 'thromb/o' refer to in medical terminology?

    <p>Clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'phylaxis' refer to in the context of immune response?

    <p>Protection or prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is referred to as a lymphocyte?

    <p>A cell involved in the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by an abnormal increase in white blood cells?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of immunoglobulin in the immune system?

    <p>To function as antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'auto-' indicate when discussing autoimmune conditions?

    <p>Self-reactivity of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions could be classified as a hypersensitivity reaction?

    <p>Severe allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for ferritin levels in a healthy individual?

    <p>20-200 ng/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment was prescribed for Jane Smith's iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Ferrous sulfate 325 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT typically associated with iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Frequent infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Jane Smith's iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Chronic blood loss from menorrhagia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of leukocytes in the blood?

    <p>Defense against infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves skin and mucus as a first line of defense?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do platelets play in the blood?

    <p>Clotting of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity?

    <p>B Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'immunoglobulin' refer to?

    <p>An antibody protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from a decrease in the number of neutrophils?

    <p>Neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the term 'thrombosis' best defined?

    <p>Formation of a blood clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes autoimmune diseases?

    <p>The immune system attacks the body's own cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The root 'erythr/o' in medical terminology refers to which color?

    <p>Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is characterized by the overproduction of white blood cells?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results in an exaggerated immune response that may cause tissue damage?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical finding is most indicative of iron deficiency anemia in Jane Smith?

    <p>Low hemoglobin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antibodies are involved in the immune response and are specifically referred to as immunoglobulins?

    <p>Gamma globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significant characteristic of autoimmune diseases?

    <p>They result from the immune system targeting the body's own tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does lymphadenopathy refer to in a clinical context?

    <p>Abnormal increase in lymph nodes size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does leukocytosis indicate in terms of white blood cell levels?

    <p>Increase in white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level is ferritin considered low in a patient with iron deficiency?

    <p>8 ng/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes menorrhagia in the context of Jane Smith’s diagnosis?

    <p>It indicates excessive menstrual bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prefix 'auto-' in medical terminology signifies what?

    <p>Self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ferrous sulfate administered in the treatment plan for Jane Smith's condition?

    <p>By mouth daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood Components

    • Blood is the circulatory fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products.
    • Plasma makes up 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, and hormones.
    • Formed elements account for 45% of blood and include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

    Blood Cells

    • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) play a role in immunity and defense against infections.
    • Thrombocytes (Platelets) are essential for blood clotting (hemostasis).

    Immunity

    • Immunity protects against harmful microorganisms and foreign substances.
    • Innate immunity is non-specific and includes inborn defenses like skin and mucus.
    • Adaptive immunity is acquired defense specific to certain pathogens.

    Adaptive Immunity Cells

    • T cells provide cell-mediated immunity, directly attacking foreign invaders.
    • B cells are responsible for humoral immunity, producing antibodies.

    Medical Terminology

    • Hem/o, Hemat/o: Refers to blood.
    • Erythr/o: Refers to red.
    • Thromb/o: Refers to clot.
    • Leuk/o: Refers to white.
    • Hematocrit: The proportion of red blood cells in the blood.
    • Hemostasis: The process of stopping bleeding, including blood clot formation.
    • Immun/o: Refers to immunity or the immune system.
    • Immunization: The process of inducing immunity.
    • Immunoglobulin (Ig): Antibody proteins that protect against infections.
    • Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response.
    • Antibody (Immunoglobulin): A protein produced by B cells that helps neutralize pathogens.
    • Neutropenia: A decrease in neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, making the body more susceptible to infections.
    • Eosinophil: A type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections.
    • Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell involved in immune response.

    Blood Disorders

    • Anemia: A deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
    • Leukemia: Cancer involving overproduction of white blood cells.

    Immunity Disorders

    • Autoimmune diseases: The immune system attacks the body's own cells.
    • Immunodeficiency disorders: A weakened immune system, such as in HIV.

    Additional Terms

    • -phylaxis: Refers to protection or prevention.
    • Prophylaxis: Treatment or action taken to prevent disease.
    • Anaphylaxis: A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
    • Lymph/o: Refers to lymph or the lymphatic system.
    • Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell involved in immune response.
    • Lymphadenopathy: Disease affecting the lymph nodes.
    • -globulin: Refers to proteins involved in immune response.
    • Immunoglobulin: Antibodies that play a critical role in immune response.
    • Gamma globulin: A substance containing antibodies given for passive immunity.
    • Auto-: Prefix meaning "self."
    • Autoimmune: When the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.
    • Autoantibodies: Antibodies produced by the immune system that attack the body's own cells.
    • -cytosis: Refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells.
    • Leukocytosis: An abnormal increase in white blood cells.
    • Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance.
    • Hypersensitivity reaction: Immune responses that result in tissue damage, ranging from mild to severe (e.g., anaphylaxis).

    Clinical Case: Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Patient: Jane Smith, a 45-year-old female office worker.
    • Presenting Complaint: Fatigue, shortness of breath, frequent headaches, dizziness, and feeling tired despite sleeping well.
    • Investigations: CBC showing low hemoglobin, hematocrit, ferritin, and iron levels.
    • Diagnosis: Iron deficiency anemia secondary to chronic blood loss from menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding).
    • Treatment: Ferrous sulfate 325 mg PO daily for 3 months.

    Introduction to Blood

    • Blood is the circulatory fluid that delivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products from tissues.
    • Blood is composed of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
      • Plasma consists of water, proteins, and hormones.
      • Formed elements include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

    Blood Cells

    • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): provide immunity and defense against infection.
    • Thrombocytes (Platelets): play a key role in clotting (hemostasis).

    Immunity

    • Immunity is the body's protection against harmful microorganisms and foreign substances.
    • Two main types of immunity:
      • Innate Immunity: non-specific, inborn defenses like skin and mucus.
      • Adaptive Immunity: acquired defense specific to certain pathogens.

    Components of Adaptive Immunity

    • Key Cells:
      • T Cells: provide cell-mediated immunity, directly attacking foreign invaders.
      • B Cells: responsible for humoral immunity, producing antibodies.
    • Common Roots:
      • Hem/o, Hemat/o: Blood (e.g., hemopathy)
      • Erythr/o: Red (e.g., erythropoiesis)
      • Thromb/o: Clot (e.g., thrombosis)
      • Leuk/o: White (e.g., leukocytosis)
    • Hematocrit: the proportion of red blood cells in the blood.
    • Hemostasis: the process of stopping bleeding, including blood clot formation.
    • Immun/o: refers to immunity or immune systems.
      • Immunization: the process of inducing immunity.
      • Immunoglobulin (Ig): antibody proteins that protect against infections.
    • Antigen: a substance that triggers an immune response.
    • Antibody (Immunoglobulin): a protein produced by B cells that helps neutralize pathogens.
    • Neutropenia: a decrease in the number of neutrophils, making the body more vulnerable to infections.
    • Eosinophil: a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections.
    • Lymphocyte: a type of white blood cell involved in immune response.
    • Anemia: a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
    • Leukemia: cancer involving overproduction of white blood cells.
    • Autoimmune Diseases: the immune system attacks the body’s own cells.
    • Immunodeficiency Disorders: a weakened immune system, as seen in HIV.

    Clinical Case: Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • Patient: Jane Smith (45 years old, female, office worker)
    • Presenting Complaint: fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion, frequent headaches, dizziness, and unusual tiredness.
    • Investigations:
      • Complete Blood Count (CBC):
        • Hemoglobin: 9.0 g/dL (normal: 12-15 g/dL)
        • Hematocrit: 28% (normal: 36-46%)
        • Ferritin: 8 ng/mL (normal: 20-200 ng/mL)
        • Iron levels: Low
    • Diagnosis: Iron Deficiency Anemia secondary to chronic blood loss from menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding).
    • Treatment: Ferrous sulfate 325 mg PO daily for 3 months.

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    Description

    Explore the vital components of blood, including plasma and formed elements, and their respective functions. Learn about the different types of blood cells and the crucial roles they play in the immune system, from innate to adaptive immunity. This quiz will deepen your understanding of how our body defends against disease.

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