Biology: Bioenergetics and Energy

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What is the primary focus of bioenergetics?

The mechanism of biochemical reactions
The rate of biochemical reactions
The initial and final energy states of reaction components (correct)
The chemical structure of reactants and products

What are biological energy transformations governed by?

The laws of motion
The laws of electromagnetism
The laws of thermodynamics (correct)
The laws of gravity

What is the goal of bioenergetics?

To measure the rate of biochemical reactions
To study the mechanism of biochemical reactions
To describe how living organisms acquire and transform energy (correct)
To analyze the chemical structure of reactants and products

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relation between Gibbs free energy and biological work?

Gibbs free energy is the energy capable of doing biological work (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of living organisms in terms of energy?

They cannot create or destroy energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate source of energy on Earth?

Sunlight (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do modern organisms use to synthesize complex macromolecules?

Chemical energy in fuels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the quantitative study of energy transductions in living cells?

Bioenergetics (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of bioenergetics related to ATP?

To describe the special role of ATP in biological energy exchanges (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do living organisms carry out to stay alive?

Energy transductions (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do living organisms convert chemical energy into?

Concentration gradients, electrical gradients, motion, heat, and light (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sign of ΔG in an exergonic reaction?

< 0 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an endergonic reaction?

requires an input of free energy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of ΔH?

both a and b (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the sign of ΔH in an exothermic reaction?

< 0 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is entropy (S) a measure of?

the randomness or disorder in a system (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for the release of free energy in an endergonic reaction?

ΔG = Gproducts - Greactants (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP production per molecule of glucose during glycolysis?

Eight molecules (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

NADH (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis in cells?

To synthesize glucose from carbon-containing biomolecules (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl coenzyme A (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of energy flow during glycolysis?

From ADP to ATP (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of glycolysis that can be used in other metabolic pathways?

Pyruvate (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the energy of the electrons in the electron transport chain?

The storage of energy in the form of a proton gradient (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATPsynthase in the formation of ATP?

To drive the rotation of part of the enzyme to join ADP and Pi to form ATP (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the protons pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Hydrogen from NADH and FADH (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where do the electrons ultimately end up in the electron transport chain?

In complex IV (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

To form water with protons and electrons in complex IV (A) Signup and view all the answers