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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the cell membrane?
Which type of cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen?
What is the sequence of events in gene expression?
What is the primary mechanism of microevolution?
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What is the level of organization that includes all living organisms on Earth?
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What is the kingdom that includes eukaryotic microorganisms?
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Study Notes
Cells
- Basic units of life
- Composed of:
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
- Cytoplasm
- Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Types of cells:
- Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
- Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
Cell Processes
- Metabolism:
- Anabolic (energy storage)
- Catabolic (energy release)
- Photosynthesis:
- Light-dependent reactions
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
- Cellular respiration:
- Aerobic (oxygen present)
- Anaerobic (oxygen absent)
Genetics
- DNA structure:
- Double helix
- Nucleotides (A, C, G, T)
- Gene expression:
- Transcription (DNA to RNA)
- Translation (RNA to protein)
- Inheritance patterns:
- Mendelian genetics (dominant/recessive)
- Polygenic inheritance
Evolution
- Mechanisms:
- Natural selection
- Genetic drift
- Mutation
- Gene flow
- Types of evolution:
- Microevolution (within species)
- Macroevolution (between species)
- Evidence for evolution:
- Fossil record
- Comparative anatomy
- Molecular biology
Ecology
- Levels of organization:
- Individual
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
- Ecosystem interactions:
- Predator-prey relationships
- Symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
- Energy flow:
- Producers (autotrophs)
- Consumers (heterotrophs)
- Decomposers
Diversity of Life
- Kingdoms:
- Monera (bacteria)
- Protista (eukaryotic microorganisms)
- Fungi
- Plantae (plants)
- Animalia (animals)
- Classification:
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Cells
- Composed of cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Types: Prokaryotic (no nucleus) and Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
Cell Processes
- Metabolism:
- Involves anabolic (energy storage) and catabolic (energy release) reactions
- Photosynthesis:
- Consists of light-dependent and light-independent (Calvin cycle) reactions
- Cellular respiration:
- Includes aerobic (oxygen present) and anaerobic (oxygen absent) respiration
Genetics
- DNA structure:
- Double helix with nucleotides (A, C, G, T)
- Gene expression:
- Involves transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein)
- Inheritance patterns:
- Mendelian genetics (dominant/recessive) and polygenic inheritance
Evolution
- Mechanisms:
- Natural selection
- Genetic drift
- Mutation
- Gene flow
- Types:
- Microevolution (within species)
- Macroevolution (between species)
- Evidence:
- Fossil record
- Comparative anatomy
- Molecular biology
Ecology
- Levels of organization:
- Individual
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
- Ecosystem interactions:
- Predator-prey relationships
- Symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
- Energy flow:
- Producers (autotrophs)
- Consumers (heterotrophs)
- Decomposers
Diversity of Life
- Kingdoms:
- Monera (bacteria)
- Protista (eukaryotic microorganisms)
- Fungi
- Plantae (plants)
- Animalia (animals)
- Classification:
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
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Description
Test your understanding of cells, their components, and processes like metabolism, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. Also, learn about DNA structure and genetics basics.
