Cell Biology and Genetics Quiz

Basic Unit of Life: Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.
Types of Cells:
- Prokaryotic: No nucleus, smaller, e.g., bacteria.
- Eukaryotic: Nucleus present, larger, e.g., plants, animals.
Cell Organelles:
- Nucleus: Contains DNA; control center.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse; energy production (ATP).
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum:
  - Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; protein processing.
  - Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, packages proteins and lipids.

Ecosystem: Community of living organisms and their physical environment.
Biomes: Major ecological regions (e.g., tundra, rainforest).
Food Chains/Webs: Energy flow among organisms; producers, consumers, decomposers.
Biodiversity: Variety of life; important for ecosystem stability.

Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Organ Systems:
- Circulatory System: Transports nutrients and oxygen.
- Respiratory System: Gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
- Nervous System: Coordinates responses; consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy (glucose).
Plant Structure:
- Roots: Anchor and absorb water/nutrients.
- Stems: Support and transport.
- Leaves: Main site of photosynthesis.

Microorganisms: Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Roles:
- Beneficial: Decomposition, nutrient cycling, gut health.
- Pathogenic: Cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

Genetic Engineering: Manipulation of an organism's genes to achieve desired traits.
CRISPR: Tool for gene editing; allows for precise modifications in DNA.
Applications: Medicine, agriculture, environmental management.

Body Systems: Interrelated systems working together (e.g., musculoskeletal, endocrine).
Major Organs: Heart, lungs, liver, kidneys; each plays specific roles in maintaining health.

Macromolecules:
- Proteins: Amino acid chains with various functions (enzymes, structure).
- Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches; energy sources.
- Lipids: Fats and oils; long-term energy storage.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA; genetic information storage and transfer.

The basic unit of life is the cell.
There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and are generally larger than prokaryotic cells.
Examples of prokaryotic cells include bacteria.
Examples of eukaryotic cells include plants and animals.
Cell organelles are specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains DNA.
Mitochondria are responsible for energy production in the form of ATP, often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell.
Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
The rough ER is studded with ribosomes and involved in protein processing.
The smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

DNA is a double helix structure made up of nucleotides.
The four nucleotides in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins.
Chromosomes are compact forms of DNA found in the nucleus of cells.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Heritability is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through alleles.
Alleles are alternative forms of a gene and can be dominant or recessive.
Mendelian genetics outlines the laws of segregation and independent assortment, which describe how alleles are passed down during inheritance.

Natural selection is the mechanism of evolution that drives the survival of the fittest.
Adaptation refers to traits that enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
Speciation is the process by which new species arise through evolutionary processes.

An ecosystem encompasses a community of living organisms and their physical environment.
Biomes are major ecological regions characterized by distinct climates and life forms (e.g., tundra, rainforest).
Food chains and webs illustrate the flow of energy among organisms within an ecosystem, including producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an ecosystem and is crucial for ecosystem stability.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism.
Organ systems are groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions within the body.
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen throughout the body.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
The nervous system coordinates responses and consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Plant structure includes roots, stems, and leaves.
Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients.
Stems provide support and transport substances.
Leaves are the primary sites for photosynthesis.

Microorganisms encompass a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Microorganisms play important roles in both beneficial and pathogenic ways.
Beneficial microorganisms are involved in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and promoting gut health.
Pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants.

Genetic engineering involves manipulating an organism's genes to achieve desired traits.
CRISPR is a powerful tool for gene editing that allows for precise modifications in DNA.
Biotechnology has various applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental management.

Human body systems are interconnected and work together to maintain health.
The musculoskeletal system provides support and movement.
The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
Major organs, such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys, play crucial roles in maintaining health.

Macromolecules are large organic molecules essential for life.
Proteins are chains of amino acids with diverse functions, including enzymes and structural components.
Carbohydrates are sugars and starches that serve as primary energy sources.
Lipids, including fats and oils, provide long-term energy storage.
Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, store and transfer genetic information.