Biology Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
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The preparatory phase of glycolysis is also known as the ______ Phase.

Investment

The pay-off phase of glycolysis is characterized by gain of energy-rich molecules ______ and NADH.

ATP

Step 1 of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme ______.

Hexokinase

Step 6 of glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ______.

<p>Dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis, at step 3, 1 molecule of ______ has been consumed.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to fructose 6-phosphate by glucose phosphate ______.

<p>isomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mnemonic for the enzymes of glycolysis is 'Hungry Peter Pan And The Growling Pink Panther ______ Pies'

<p>Eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-______.

<p>bisphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the first step of glycolysis, the molecule ______ is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate.

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule derived from ATP.

<p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme ______ catalyzes the cleavage of FBP.

<p>aldolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme ______ catalyzes step 4 of glycolysis.

<p>Aldolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two 3-carbon molecules formed when FBP is cleaved, are glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and ______.

<p>dihydroxyacetone phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme triphoshpate ______ reorganizes DHAP into GAP.

<p>isomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

A second molecule of ______ provides the phosphate group that is added on to the F6P molecule.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life are known as ______.

<p>metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ reactions break down large molecules and provide energy for ATP.

<p>catabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ reactions are the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones that require energy.

<p>anabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The molecule from which cells derive energy is ______.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and inside the ______.

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The citric acid cycle is also known as the ______ cycle.

<p>Krebs</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first stage of aerobic cellular respiration is ______.

<p>glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The goal of aerobic cellular respiration is to transfer energy from food into ______ that our bodies can use.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a coenzyme that participates in oxidation and reduction reactions.

<p>NAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

A reaction that results in the overall gain of electrons to a specific molecule or atom is called ______.

<p>reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ carries acetyl functional groups in cells.

<p>Acetyl Coenzyme A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aerobic respiration requires ______.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process occurring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons to oxygen is called ______ phosphorylation.

<p>oxidative</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a simple 6-carbon sugar which is the body's key source of energy.

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a high-energy electron carrier produced in the glycolysis and Krebs cycle.

<p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

In glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called ______.

<p>pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Step 1 of glycolysis uses the enzyme ______.

<p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the preparatory phase, the enzyme ______ catalyzes step 3.

<p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

During step 6, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized by the coenzyme ______.

<p>nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase adds an inorganic ______ to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

<p>phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In step 7, phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ______.

<p>ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phosphoglycerate kinase forms ATP and ______ during step 7

<p>3-phosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

During step, 8, the position of the phosphate group on a 3 phosphoglycerate molecule is rearranged, making it ______.

<p>2-phosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Step 8 uses the enzyme ______.

<p>Phosphoglycerate Mutase</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Krebs Cycle is an ______ process consisting of eight definite steps.

<p>aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to enter the Krebs Cycle, pyruvate must first be converted into ______.

<p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA in order to enter the ______ cycle.

<p>citric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the first step of the citric acid cycle, acetyl COA joins with a four-carbon molecule, ______, releasing the COA group and forming a six- carbon molecule called citrate.

<p>oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the second step, citrate is converted into its isomer, ______.

<p>isocitrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the third step, isocitrate is oxidized and releases a molecule of carbon dioxide, leaving behind a five-carbon molecule—______.

<p>α-ketoglutarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the third step of the Krebs Cycle, NAD is reduced to form ______.

<p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the fourth step of the Krebs Cycle, α-ketoglutarate is oxidized, reducing NAD to form NADH and releasing a molecule of carbon dioxide. The remaining four-carbon molecule picks up Coenzyme A, forming the unstable compound ______.

<p>succinyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metabolism

The chemical processes that maintain life in organisms.

Catabolic Reactions

Reactions that break down large molecules to release energy.

Anabolic Reactions

Reactions that synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones using energy.

Cellular Respiration

Process that converts food into usable energy (ATP).

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Aerobic Respiration

Type of respiration that requires oxygen to produce energy from food.

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Glycolysis

The first step in cellular respiration, breaking down glucose into pyruvate.

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Citric Acid Cycle

Also known as Krebs Cycle, part of aerobic respiration generating electron carriers.

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Acetyl CoA

A molecule that carries acetyl groups into the Krebs cycle for energy production.

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Preparatory Phase

The initial stage of glycolysis where ATP is consumed.

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Pay-off Phase

The stage of glycolysis where ATP and NADH are produced.

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Hexokinase

Enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

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Phosphofructokinase

Key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis that adds a phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.

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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase

Enzyme that converts Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into a high energy compound during glycolysis.

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Pyruvate Kinase

Enzyme that catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, producing pyruvate and ATP.

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MNEMONIC: Hungry Peter Pan

A mnemonic to remember glycolysis enzymes: Hexokinase, Phosphoglucose Isomerase, etc.

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GLYCOLYSIS INTERMEDIATES

A mnemonic phrase describing the intermediates formed during glycolysis.

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The molecule that cells use for energy, consisting of an adenosine molecule and three phosphate groups.

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NAD

A coenzyme that acts as an electron carrier in oxidation-reduction reactions.

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Phosphoglucose Isomerase

An enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate.

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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

A product formed from the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate.

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Oxidation

A reaction resulting in the loss of electrons from a molecule or atom.

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Aldolase

An enzyme that cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two 3-carbon molecules: GAP and DHAP.

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Reduction

A reaction resulting in the gain of electrons to a molecule or atom.

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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)

One of the two products from the cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; continues in glycolysis.

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Triphosphate Isomerase (TIM)

An enzyme that converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP).

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NADH

A high-energy electron carrier produced in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, used in the electron transport chain.

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Phosphoglycerate Kinase

An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, producing ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.

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Phosphoglycerate Mutase

An enzyme that rearranges 3-phosphoglycerate to form 2-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis.

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Krebs Cycle

An aerobic process with eight steps for energy production.

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Enolase

An enzyme that converts 2-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in glycolysis.

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Pyruvate

A three-carbon compound converted to Acetyl-CoA for energy metabolism.

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Oxaloacetate

A four-carbon molecule that combines with Acetyl-CoA to form citrate.

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Citrate

A six-carbon molecule formed when Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate.

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Isocitrate

An isomer of citrate formed in the second step of the Krebs Cycle.

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α-Ketoglutarate

A five-carbon molecule produced from isocitrate after CO2 is released and NAD is reduced.

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Succinyl CoA

An unstable four-carbon compound formed from α-ketoglutarate, reducing NAD and releasing CO2.

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Study Notes

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

  • Respiration is the process of breaking down food to create energy
  • Metabolism is the sum of all chemical processes in an organism that maintain life
  • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen
  • Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen
  • Cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

Stages of Aerobic Respiration

  • Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH
  • Formation of Acetyl CoA: Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA, releasing CO2 and producing NADH
  • Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Acetyl CoA is further oxidized, producing NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2
  • Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred through a chain of proteins, leading to ATP production through chemiosmosis

Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation

  • Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen
  • Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that regenerates NAD+ from NADH

Metabolism

  • Metabolism comprises all chemical processes in living organisms that sustain life
  • Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy
  • Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones; it requires energy
  • A balance between catabolism and anabolism exists

Important Molecules in Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  • Glucose: A 6-carbon sugar that serves as the main energy source
  • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The main energy currency of the cell, storing and transporting energy within cells
  • NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen): High-energy electron carrier involved in transferring electrons
  • FADH2 (Reduced Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide): High-energy electron carrier involved in transferring electrons

Glycolysis

  • Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
  • The preparatory phase consumes ATP
  • The pay-off phase produces ATP and NADH
  • Glycolysis involves ten steps with different enzymes

Krebs Cycle

  • Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a sequence of reactions that happen in the mitochondria
  • Krebs cycle starts with entering acetyl-CoA
  • Krebs Cycle involves a series of oxidation-reduction reactions converting the initial Acetyl CoA into Co2, NADH, FADH2
  • Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA before entering the Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport Chain

  • The electron transport chain is the final and most crucial step of cellular respiration
  • It utilizes NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP
  • ATP is generated through chemiosmosis
  • The process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, employing several protein complexes

10 Steps of Glycolysis

  • Step 1: Glucose phosphorylation
  • Step 2: Glucose-6-phosphate isomerization
  • Step 3: Fructose-6-phosphate phosphorylation
  • Step 4: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate splitting
  • Step 5: Isomerization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
  • Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate oxidation/phosphorylation
  • Step 7: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate phosphorylation of ADP
  • Step 8: 3-phosphoglycerate isomerization
  • Step 9: 2-phosphoglycerate dehydration
  • Step 10: Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate conversion

ATP Produced

  • Glycolysis: 2 ATP
  • Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP
  • Electron Transport Chain: 32-34 ATP

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Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of aerobic and anaerobic respiration in this quiz. Understand how energy is produced in both processes, alongside the stages of aerobic respiration including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Test your knowledge on fermentation and the significance of these metabolic pathways.

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