Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration PDF

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Prepared by: ARGEL JOSEPH C. MAYO,RN,LPT,MAN,MSc.Bio SHS Teacher III / SHS Nurse  Topics METABOLISM CELLULAR RESPIRATION STAGES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION (1) Glycolysis (2) F...

AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Prepared by: ARGEL JOSEPH C. MAYO,RN,LPT,MAN,MSc.Bio SHS Teacher III / SHS Nurse  Topics METABOLISM CELLULAR RESPIRATION STAGES OF AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION (1) Glycolysis (2) Formation of Acetyl CoA (3) Krebs Cycle (4) Electron Transport Chain ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM METABOLISM - the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. CATABOLIC REACTIONS - break down large molecules. - provide energy for ATP. ANABOLIC REACTIONS - the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. - require energy.  in all healthy creatures.. there is a Balance between Anabolic & Catabolic pathways Anabolism Catabolism Building Degradation CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration can be aerobic or anaerobic. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen While oxygen is not needed for anaerobic pathways, which involve anaerobic respiration and fermentation AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Aerobic cellular respiration is the process of breaking sugar into a form that the cell can use as energy. This happens in all forms of life. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical that the cell uses for energy. Where does aerobic cellular respiration occur in the cell? Aerobic cellular respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and inside the mitochondria. Mitochondria are often called the cell's “power plant,” because most of the process of cellular respiration takes place inside them. This process produces energy within the cell.  Steps in Aerobic Cellular Respiration GLYCOLYSIS FORMATION OF ACETYL CoA CITRIC ACID CYCLE/KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND CHEMIOSMOSIS. What is the GOAL of Aerobic Cellular Respiration? To transfer energy from the food that we eat daily into ATP that our bodies can use. This process starts with the eating of a snack or meal and ends with capturing the energy for the complete breakdown of the nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide. The chemical formula for Aerobic Cellular Respiration Terminologies Acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA) - A small molecule that carries acetyl functional groups in cells. Composed of an acetyl group attached to a coenzyme A molecule. The starting product of the citric acid cycle. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - The molecule from which cells derive energy. Comprised of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphates, each phosphate bond contains energy, especially the third bond. By breaking that one bond and reducing ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), the cell can get the energy to carry out its various processes. Terminologies Citric acid cycle - Also known as the Krebs Cycle; a metabolic pathway found in aerobic organisms that oxidizes acetyl coA groups to carbon dioxide and water. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) - A coenzyme that participates in oxidation and reduction reactions. An important electron carrier in oxidative phosphorylation.  Terminologies Oxidation - A reaction that involves the overall loss of electrons from a specific molecule or atom. Reduction - A reaction that results in the overall gain of electrons to a specific molecule or atom. Oxidative phosphorylation - A process occurring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons to oxygen. IMPORTANT MOLECULES IN AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION GLUCOSE - Simple sugar; 6-carbon sugar which acts as the body's key source of energy. ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE) - The principal energy currency of the cell; stores and transports energy within cells; a high- energy molecule. IMPORTANT MOLECULES IN AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION NADH (NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE + HYDROGEN) - High-energy electron carrier for transporting electrons to the electron transport chain produced in the glycolysis and Krebs cycle. FADH2 (reduced FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE) - High-energy electron carrier for transporting electrons to the electron transport chain produced in the glycolysis and Krebs cycle. GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis. (glī-kŏl'ə-sĭs) The process in cell metabolism by which carbohydrates and sugars, especially glucose, are broken down, producing ATP and pyruvic acid. Overview of Glycolysis In glycolysis, the 6-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two molecules of a 3-carbon molecule called pyruvate. This change is accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules. Phases of Glycolysis Preparatory Phase (a.ka Investment Phase) Pay-off Phase - Preparatory phase is the This phase is characterized by stage in which there is gain of the energy-rich consumption of ATP. molecules ATP and NADH. - The first five steps of the - Steps six to ten of the glycolysis reaction. glycolysis reaction. The pay-off phase is where ATP is produced. 10 Enzymes of Glycolysis Preparatory Phase (a.ka Investment Phase) Pay-off Phase Step 1: Hexokinase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase Step 3: Phosphofructokinase Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase Step 4: Aldolase Step 9: Enolase Step 5: Triphosphate isomerase Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase 10 Enzymes of Glycolysis Preparatory Phase (a.ka Investment Phase) Pay-off Phase Step 1: Hexokinase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase Step 3: Phosphofructokinase Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase Step 4: Aldolase Step 9: Enolase Step 5: Triphosphate isomerase Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase MNEMONICS: Hungry Peter Pan And The Growling Pink Panther Eat Pies” 10 Steps of Glycolysis Mnemonics: GLYCOLYSIS INTERMEDIATE Girls Get Fine Food Gentlemen Dine girls Boys Prefer to Pick up Pepperoni Pizza Mnemonics: GLYCOLYSIS INTERMEDIATE Girls Get Fine Food (first 4 molecules) Gentlemen Dine girls (split of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) Boys Prefer to Pick up Pepperoni Pizza (remaining 5 molecules) GLYCOLYSIS STEP 1: Conversion of GLUCOSE GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis Preparatory Phase (a.ka Investment Phase) Step 1: Hexokinase Here, the glucose is phosphorylated. Step 2: Phosphoglucose Phosphorylation is the process of adding a Isomerase phosphate group to a molecule derived from ATP. Step 3: As a result, at this point in glycolysis, 1 molecule of Phosphofructokinase ATP has been consumed. Step 4: Aldolase Step 5: Triphosphate isomerase GLYCOLYSIS STEP 2: Conversion of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis Preparatory Phase (a.ka Investment Phase) Step 1: Hexokinase Step 2: Phosphoglu cose Isomerase The second reaction: Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) is converted to Step 3: Phosphofructokinase fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by glucose phosphate isomerase (Phosphoglucose Isomerase). Step 4: Aldolase Step 5: Triphosphate isomerase GLYCOLYSIS STEP 3: Conversion of FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE FRUCTOSE-1, 6-BISPHOSPHATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis Preparatory Phase (a.ka Investment Phase) Step 1: Hexokinase Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase Third step: Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose- Step 3: 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). Phosphofru Similar to the reaction that occurs in step 1 of ctokinase glycolysis, a second molecule of ATP provides the Step 4: Aldolase phosphate group that is added on to the F6P molecule. Step 5: Triphosphate isomerase  GLYCOLYSIS STEP 4: Conversion of FRUCTOSE-1, 6-BISPHOSPHATE GLYCERALDEHYDE-3- DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis Preparatory Phase (a.ka Investment Phase) Step 1: Hexokinase Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase Step 3: Phosphofructokinase This step utilizes the enzyme aldolase, which catalyzes the cleavage of FBP to yield two 3- Step 4: carbon molecules. Aldolase One of these molecules is called glyceraldehyde-3- Step 5: Triphosphate phosphate (GAP) and the other is called isomerase dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).  GLYCOLYSIS STEP 5: Isomerization of GLYCERALDEHYDE-3- DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis GAP is the only molecule that continues in the glycolytic pathway. As a result, all of the DHAP molecules produced are further acted on by the enzyme triphoshpate isomerase (TIM), which reorganizes the DHAP into GAP so it can continue in glycolysis. 10 Steps of Glycolysis Preparatory Phase (a.ka Investment Phase) Step 1: Hexokinase Step 2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase Step 3: Phosphofructokinase Step 4: Aldolase Step 5: Triphosphate isomerase GLYCOLYSIS STEP 6: Conversion of GLYCERALDEHYDE-3- PHOSPHATE 1-3 BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis Pay-off Phase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Dehydrogenase (GAPDH) dehydrogenates and adds an inorganic Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, Step 8: Phosphoglycerate producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Mutase Step 9: Enolase Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase 10 Steps of Glycolysis Pay-off Phase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate In this step, two main events take place: Dehydrogenase 1) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized by the Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase (NAD); Step 9: Enolase 2) the molecule is phosphorylated by the addition Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase of a free phosphate group. GLYCOLYSIS STEP 7: Conversion of 1-3 BISPHOSPHOGLYCERATE 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis Pay-off Phase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate Dehydrogenase Step 7: Phosphoglyce rate Kinase Phosphoglycerate kinase transfers a Step 8: Phosphoglycerate phosphate group from 1,3- Mutase Step 9: Enolase bisphosphoglycerate to Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. GLYCOLYSIS STEP 8: Conversion of 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE 2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis Pay-off Phase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate Dehydrogenase Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase Step 8: This step involves a simple rearrangement of Phosphoglyce the position of the phosphate group on the 3 rate Mutase phosphoglycerate molecule, making it 2 Step 9: Enolase Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase phosphoglycerate. GLYCOLYSIS STEP 9: Conversion of 2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis Pay-off Phase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate Dehydrogenase Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase Step 9: This step involves the conversion of 2 Enolase phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase (PEP). The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme enolase. GLYCOLYSIS STEP 10: Conversion of PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE PYRUVATE 10 Steps of Glycolysis Pay-off Phase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate Dehydrogenase Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase Step 9: Enolase Step 10: The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Pyruvate to ADP Kinase to form pyruvic acid and ATP 10 Steps of Glycolysis Pay-off Phase Step 6: Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate Dehydrogenase Step 7: Phosphoglycerate Kinase Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase Step 9: Enolase Step 10: Pyruvate Kinase 10 Steps of Glycolysis 10 Steps of Glycolysis Steps 1 and 3 = – 2ATP Steps 7 and 10 = + 4 ATP Net “visible” ATP produced = 2 ATP Immediately upon finishing glycolysis, the cell must continue respiration in either an aerobic or anaerobic direction; this choice is made based on the circumstances of the particular cell. A cell that can perform aerobic respiration and which finds itself in the presence of oxygen will continue on to the aerobic citric acid cycle in the mitochondria.  KREBS CYCLE Krebs Cycle = Sir Hans Adolf Krebs was a German-born British physician and biochemist. He was the pioneer scientist in the study of cellular respiration, A biochemical pathway in cells for The production of energy. He is best known for his discoveries of two important chemical reactions in the body, namely the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle. TCA Cycle = Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Citric Acid Cycle = The first stable compound is Citric Acid. "Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?" Where does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) occur? Where does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) occur? Where does the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) occur? KREBS CYCLE Organisms derive the majority of their energy from the Krebs Cycle. The Krebs Cycle is an aerobic process consisting of eight definite steps. In order to enter the Krebs Cycle, pyruvate must first be converted into Acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex found in the mitochondria. After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA in order to enter the citric acid cycle. OVERVIEW OF THE KREBS CYCLE Can = Citrate I = Isocitrate Keep = a-ketoglutarate Selling = Succinyl COA Sex = Succinate For = Fumarate Money = Malate Officer = Oxaloacetate Steps of the citric acid cycle Step 1 In the first step of the citric acid cycle, acetyl COA joins with a four-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate, releasing the COA group and forming a six- carbon molecule called citrate. Steps of the citric acid cycle Step 2 In the second step, citrate is converted into its isomer, isocitrate. Steps of the citric acid cycle Step 3 In the third step, isocitrate is oxidized and releases a molecule of carbon dioxide, leaving behind a five-carbon molecule—α- ketoglutarate. During this step, NAD is reduced to form NADH. Steps of the citric acid cycle Step 4. In this case, it’s α- ketoglutarate that’s oxidized, reducing NAD ​to form NADH and releasing a molecule of carbon dioxide in the process. The remaining four- carbon molecule picks up Coenzyme A, forming the unstable compound succinyl CoA. Steps of the citric acid cycle Step 5 In step five, the CoA of succinyl CoA is replaced by a phosphate group, which is then transferred to ADP to make ATP. In some cells, GDP (guanosine diphosphate) — is used instead of ADP, forming GTP (guanosine triphosphate) —as a product. The four-carbon molecule produced in this step is called succinate. GTP is similar to ATP: both serve as energy sources, and the two can be readily interconverted. Which of the two molecules is produced during the citric acid cycle depends on the organism and cell type. For example, ATP is made in human heart cells, but GTP is made in liver cells. Steps of the citric acid cycle Step 6 In step six, succinate is oxidized, forming another four-carbon molecule called fumarate. In this reaction, two hydrogen atoms—with their electrons—are transferred to FAD, producing FADH2. Why use FAD here? FAD is a better electron acceptor than NAD, meaning that it has a higher affinity, or “hunger”, for electrons. Succinate is not a great electron donor, meaning that it has a fairly high affinity for electrons itself and is not eager to give them up. NAD is not electron-hungry enough to pull electrons away from succinate, but FAD is. Steps of the citric acid cycle Step 7 In step seven, water is added to the four- carbon molecule fumarate, converting it into another four- carbon molecule called malate. Steps of the citric acid cycle Step 8 In the last step of the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate— the starting four-carbon compound—is regenerated by oxidation of malate. Another molecule of NAD is reduced to NADH in the process. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN The electron transport chain is the final and most important step of cellular respiration. While Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle make the necessary precursors, the electron transport chain is where a majority of the ATP is created. There are four protein complexes (labeled complex I-IV) in the electron transport chain, which are involved in moving electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen.