Mendelian Genetics Unit 1 Quiz
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Before starting an experiment, Mendel allowed each kind of plant to self pollinate to obtain ______ plants.

purebred

When Mendel transferred pollen from one pea plant to another, he was ______ the plants.

cross pollinating

A trait that is hidden in the heterozygous condition is said to be a ______ trait.

recessive

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is called ______.

<p>heterozygous</p> Signup and view all the answers

The genetic make-up of an organism.

<p>genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

The physical expression of genes.

<p>phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rule of dominance states that the ______ trait will hide or mask the expression of other traits.

<p>dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

To determine the unknown genotype of an organism, it can be crossed with an organism that has a recessive genotype and then the offspring can be analyzed. This method of determining genotype is called a ______

<p>test cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how two organisms can have the same phenotype, but different genotypes.

<p>Two organisms can have the same phenotype, but different genotypes because they might possess different combinations of alleles for the same trait. For example, one organism can be homozygous dominant (BB) for a trait, while another organism can be heterozygous (Bb) for the same trait. Both would have the same physical characteristic but different genetic compositions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how gametes from the parents of a dihybrid trait is determined.

<p>Gametes from the parents of a dihybrid trait, with two different traits, are determined using the FOIL method. The FOIL method stands for First, Outer, Inner, Last, and it helps to identify all possible combinations of alleles during gamete formation. Each parent contributes one allele for each trait, and the FOIL method helps organize those combinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine all the possible gametes that occur, if the parent genotype is AaBb.

<p>The possible gametes for a parent with the genotype AaBb are: AB, Ab, aB, and ab.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the product rule, determine the different gametes that can form from a parent with the genotype of TtRRYy. State the different gametes.

<p>The different gametes that can form from a parent with the genotype TtRRYy are: TRY, TRy, tRY, and tRy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two heterozygous organisms for a single trait mate, the genotypic ratio of their offspring should be?

<p>1:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

A dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents ALWAYS produces a phenotypic ratio of?

<p>9:3:3:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

In peas, an autosomal gene for round seeds is dominant over a gene for wrinkled seeds. If we cross a heterozygous round seed plant with a wrinkled seed plant, the offspring will have a purely round seed phenotype.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of obtaining offspring that produce yellow fruit and have tall vines, in a cross between two hybrid plants with the alleles RrTt x RrTt, where red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow fruit (r) and tall vines (T) is dominant to dwarf vines (t)?

<p>3/16</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match Mendel's Three Laws to the correct definitions.

<p>Law of Segregation = During fertilization, gametes randomly pair to produce four combinations of alleles. Law of Dominance = Cross a dominant trait with a recessive trait and all offspring show only the dominant trait. Independent Assortment = Genes of different traits are inherited separately of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Suppose that a child with free earlobes has a mother with attached earlobes. Can a man with attached earlobes be the father?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine the genotype of all family members, in the following situation. The father has a long second toe (T) and normal joints (d). The mother has a long second toe (T) and double-jointedness (D). Their son has a short second toe (t) and double-jointedness (D). The daughter has a long second toe (T) and normal joints (d).

<p>The father is Ttdd, the mother is TtDd, the son is ttDd, and the daughter is Ttdd. The father has one dominant allele for toe length and two recessive alleles for joint type. The mother has one dominant allele for toe length, one dominant and one recessive allele for joint type. The son has two recessive alleles for toe length and one dominant and one recessive allele for joint type. The daughter has one dominant allele for toe length and two recessive alleles for joint type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two black female guinea pigs are crossed with the same male guinea pig. One female produces 8 black offspring and 6 white offspring. The other female produces 13 black offspring and 0 white offspring. What is the genotype of each of the parents?

<p>Female A (Bb) x Male A (bb)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In flowers, pink offspring are produced by crossing a plant bearing white flowers with a plant bearing red flowers. This principle is called ______

<p>incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cattle, red coat color and white coat color are equally expressed, where neither one masks the expression of the other. This principle is called ______.

<p>co-dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ inheritance is the inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes.

<p>polygenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ABO blood group is an example of a single gene that has ______ in humans.

<p>multiple alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cross between a purebred animal with red hair and a pure bred animal with white hair produces an animal that has both red and white hair (roan). This is an example of incomplete dominance.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would a farmer breed to create offspring with three distinct phenotypes (red, roan, and white) for coat color in cattle, given that red (CRCR) and white (CWCW) are homozygous alleles and roan (CRCW) is heterozygous?

<p>To achieve the desired phenotypic ratio of 1 red: 2 roan: 1 white for coat color, the farmer should breed two roan cattle (CRCW x CRCW).</p> Signup and view all the answers

In winter squash, white fruit (W) is dominant over yellow fruit (w), and elongated shaped vegetables (EE) are incompletely dominant over sphere shaped vegetables (E'E') and bell shaped vegetables (EE'). If a plant heterozygous for white fruit (Ww) and sphere shaped (E'E') is cross-pollinated with a plant homozygous for yellow fruit (ww) and elongated (EE), what is the probability of having white bell shaped squash?

<p>1/2</p> Signup and view all the answers

A man with type AB blood, can be the father of a child with type O blood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

A mother with type IBi blood and a father with type IAIB blood can have a child with type IAi blood.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

A woman with type B blood, whose father is blood type O, and a man with type A blood, whose father is AB and mother is AA, can have a child with type O blood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In sweet peas, purple flower color (F) is dominant over pink (f), but a control gene exists. If the plant has a dominant gene ‘G’, the purple has ‘permission’ to express itself. If the plant is homozygous recessive ‘gg,’ the purple ‘does not have permission’ to express itself and the flower will be white flowers. A plant with homozygous purple (FF) and heterozygous control (Gg) is crossed with a plant with white flower (ff) that has genes for pink expression but contains non-controlled genes (gg). What type of gene is influencing the expression of flower color?

<p>The gene influencing the expression of flower color is an epistatic gene. An epistatic gene masks the expression of another gene (in this case, the purple flower gene). The homozygous recessive 'gg' allele for the control gene masks the expression of the dominant 'F' allele for purple flower color, resulting in a white flower. This demonstrates how one gene can influence the expression of another gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis.

<p>nondisjunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what does the term 'no gene flow' signify?

<p>The population is isolated, preventing migration of individuals and alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term '2pq' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

<p>The frequency of the heterozygous genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the frequency of the homozygous recessive phenotype (q2) is 0.16, what is the frequency of the dominant allele (p)?

<p>0.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions would disrupt the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, potentially leading to evolutionary change?

<p>Natural selection favoring certain traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A population of 1000 individuals has 360 individuals exhibiting the homozygous recessive phenotype. What is the frequency of the recessive allele (q)?

<p>0.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 0.3, what is the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype (2pq)?

<p>0.42</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a condition necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

<p>Non-random mating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a population of 500 individuals, 100 exhibit the homozygous recessive phenotype. What is the frequency of the dominant allele (p)?

<p>0.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Galapagos Islands to Darwin's work?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of restriction enzymes contribute to the creation of recombinant plasmids?

<p>Restriction enzymes are used to cut both the human DNA and plasmid at the same recognition sites, which allows for the insertion of the human insulin gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a bacterial plasmid with a recombinant DNA is inserted into a host bacterium?

<p>Transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the same restriction enzymes to be used to cut both human DNA and the plasmid?

<p>To ensure that the human DNA fragment and the plasmid have compatible sticky ends for ligation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement 'populations evolve, not individuals'?

<p>The statement emphasizes that evolutionary changes occur over generations, as allele frequencies within a population change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines evolution?

<p>The change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the host bacteria able to produce clones containing the human insulin gene?

<p>The host bacteria reproduce asexually, allowing the replicated plasmids with the inserted human insulin gene to be passed on to daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gene gun in inserting the recombinant plasmid into the host bacterium?

<p>The gene gun creates pores in the cell wall of the host bacterium, allowing the recombinant plasmid to enter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely genotype of the two youngest boys who have hemophilia?

<p>X^hY</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of inheritance pattern exhibited by hemophilia based on the information provided?

<p>Sex-linked Recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the inheritance pattern for the children of the affected oldest daughter?

<p>The son of the oldest daughter can inherit hemophilia if the mother is a carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about the husband's genotype based on his marriage to the daughter with hemophilia?

<p>He cannot carry the hemophilia allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would the youngest son’s children inherit hemophilia based on their parent's genetics?

<p>If the first-born daughter has hemophilia, then it is X-linked</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes autosomal dominant inheritance?

<p>Both males and females transmit the trait equally, and it does not skip generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of sex-linked recessive traits?

<p>More males are affected than females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main outcome of meiosis?

<p>Generating four non-identical haploid gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do random assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic variation?

<p>They result in gene combinations not seen in parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the nature of crossing over during meiosis?

<p>It results in the merging of homologous chromosomes prior to anaphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of meiosis is genetic recombination most likely to occur?

<p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of variation within a species?

<p>It decreases the chances of extinction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many non-identical haploid gametes are produced through meiosis?

<p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which organisms adapt to survive in harsher conditions over time?

<p>Natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist's ideas contributed to the understanding of population control through competition?

<p>Malthus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contribution to Darwin's theories?

<p>Huxley's work on animal classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'fitness' refer to in the context of evolutionary biology?

<p>The capacity for an organism to survive and reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon did Darwin's observations of the Galapagos Islands suggest?

<p>Species migrate and adapt from mainland to islands</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is a key component of both Darwin and Lamarck's theories?

<p>Adaptation over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential idea did Lyell contribute that influenced Darwin's thinking?

<p>The Earth undergoes gradual changes over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Galapagos wildlife is essential for studying evolution?

<p>Their isolation and unique adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phenotypic ratio produced from the cross between two heterozygous plants RrTt?

<p>9 red tall : 3 red short : 3 yellow tall : 1 yellow short</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of obtaining offspring that produce yellow fruit and have tall vines from the RrTt x RrTt cross?

<p>18.75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the law of segregation?

<p>Homologous chromosomes separate during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a dihybrid cross, what is the total number of genotypes produced from a cross between RrTt and RrTt?

<p>16</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genotype will yield 100% dominant phenotypes when crossed with a homozygous recessive individual?

<p>RRTT</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Mendel's laws does the law of independent assortment relate to?

<p>Alleles for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the genotypic ratio from the RrTt cross, which is correct?

<p>1 RRTT: 2 RRTt: 2 RrTT: 4 RrTt: 1 rrTT: 2 rrTt: 2 Rrtt: 1 RRtt: 1 rrtt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trait is expressed in the homozygous recessive condition?

<p>Recessive trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance

  • Vocabulary Review:

    • Heterozygous: An organism with two different alleles for a trait.
    • Dominant: A trait that masks the expression of another trait in a heterozygous individual.
    • Monohybrid: A cross involving only one trait.
    • Purebred: A plant that has self-pollinated to produce offspring that show the same trait.
    • Recessive: A trait hidden in the heterozygous condition, not expressed unless homozygous.
    • Test Cross: A cross used to determine the unknown genotype of an organism.
    • Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism (alleles present).
    • Phenotype: Observable physical characteristics of an organism (expression of genes).
    • Cross Pollinating: Transferring pollen from one plant to another to produce offspring.
    • Homozygous Recessive: An organism with two identical recessive alleles.
    • Cross Pollinating: Transferring pollen between different plants.

  • Same Phenotype, Different Genotypes: Two organisms can have the same observable trait (phenotype) but different genetic makeup. (genotype).

Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance

  • Dihybrid Trait Determination:

    • Gametes are determined using the FOIL method (AB, Ab, aB, ab, example for AaBb).
    • The product rule for multiple traits can be used to determine the probability of multiple gametes appearing. Calculating this probability can be done using simple multiplication.

  • Genotypic Ratio of Offspring: When two heterozygous organisms (Aa x Aa) create offspring, the genotypic ratio will be 1:2:1 (1 homozygous dominant: 2 heterozygous : 1 homozygous recessive).

  • Dihybrid Crosses: A dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (AaBb x AaBb) always give a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio (example ratios).

  • Dominant/Recessive Pea Traits: Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y).

Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance

  • Specific Pea Plant Traits (Important Terminology):
    • Yellow color is dominant to green color.
    • Dwarf plants are recessive to tall plants.

Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance

  • Determining Unknown Genotypes: A test cross involving the unknown organism and a homozygous recessive individual is used to determine the genotype of the unknown.

Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance

  • Important Terminology and Definitions including, but not limited to:
  • Dominant and recessive traits
  • Homozygous and Heterozygous
  • Genotype and Phenotype
  • Monohybrid crosses
  • Dihybrid crosses
  • Punnett squares
  • Test crosses
  • Probability, ratios etc

Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance

  • Pedigree Analysis: Determining the likelihood of a genetic trait appearing in offspring using pedigree analysis.

  • Determining Genotypes of family members based on parental characteristics (provided in pedigrees).

Unit 2: Molecular Genetics

  • DNA Structure: DNA is a double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine).

  • Base Pairing Rules: Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.

Unit 2: Molecular Genetics

  • Nucleotide Components: 
    • A sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine or Thymine).

Unit 2: Molecular Genetics

  • DNA Replication: DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

  • Enzymes: Helicase unzips the DNA double helix. Polymerase III adds free nucleotides to the exposed bases on both leading and lagging strands. Ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. RNA polymerase creates an RNA primer for transcription.

Unit 2: Molecular Genetics

  • Transcription: The process of creating an RNA copy of DNA.

  • Translation: The process of assembling amino acids into a protein based on the mRNA sequence.

Unit 2: Molecular Genetics

  • RNA Structure and Function:
  • mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic information for protein synthesis;
  • rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is a primary component of ribosomes (site of protein synthesis); and
  • tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein assembly.

Unit 3: Evolutionary Theory

  • Evolution Definition Change in heritable characteristics of a population over time.

  • Darwin's Theory of Evolution

  • Overpopulation

  • Variation

  • Competition

  • Adaptation

  • Natural Selection

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Test your knowledge on Mendelian genetics and human inheritance concepts with this quiz. You'll encounter key vocabulary and definitions essential for understanding genetic traits and inheritance patterns. Perfect for students studying genetics or preparing for exams.

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