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Questions and Answers
Before starting an experiment, Mendel allowed each kind of plant to self pollinate to obtain ______ plants.
Before starting an experiment, Mendel allowed each kind of plant to self pollinate to obtain ______ plants.
purebred
When Mendel transferred pollen from one pea plant to another, he was ______ the plants.
When Mendel transferred pollen from one pea plant to another, he was ______ the plants.
cross pollinating
A trait that is hidden in the heterozygous condition is said to be a ______ trait.
A trait that is hidden in the heterozygous condition is said to be a ______ trait.
recessive
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is called ______.
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is called ______.
The genetic make-up of an organism.
The genetic make-up of an organism.
The physical expression of genes.
The physical expression of genes.
The rule of dominance states that the ______ trait will hide or mask the expression of other traits.
The rule of dominance states that the ______ trait will hide or mask the expression of other traits.
To determine the unknown genotype of an organism, it can be crossed with an organism that has a recessive genotype and then the offspring can be analyzed. This method of determining genotype is called a ______
To determine the unknown genotype of an organism, it can be crossed with an organism that has a recessive genotype and then the offspring can be analyzed. This method of determining genotype is called a ______
Explain how two organisms can have the same phenotype, but different genotypes.
Explain how two organisms can have the same phenotype, but different genotypes.
Explain how gametes from the parents of a dihybrid trait is determined.
Explain how gametes from the parents of a dihybrid trait is determined.
Determine all the possible gametes that occur, if the parent genotype is AaBb.
Determine all the possible gametes that occur, if the parent genotype is AaBb.
Using the product rule, determine the different gametes that can form from a parent with the genotype of TtRRYy. State the different gametes.
Using the product rule, determine the different gametes that can form from a parent with the genotype of TtRRYy. State the different gametes.
If two heterozygous organisms for a single trait mate, the genotypic ratio of their offspring should be?
If two heterozygous organisms for a single trait mate, the genotypic ratio of their offspring should be?
A dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents ALWAYS produces a phenotypic ratio of?
A dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents ALWAYS produces a phenotypic ratio of?
In peas, an autosomal gene for round seeds is dominant over a gene for wrinkled seeds. If we cross a heterozygous round seed plant with a wrinkled seed plant, the offspring will have a purely round seed phenotype.
In peas, an autosomal gene for round seeds is dominant over a gene for wrinkled seeds. If we cross a heterozygous round seed plant with a wrinkled seed plant, the offspring will have a purely round seed phenotype.
What is the probability of obtaining offspring that produce yellow fruit and have tall vines, in a cross between two hybrid plants with the alleles RrTt x RrTt, where red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow fruit (r) and tall vines (T) is dominant to dwarf vines (t)?
What is the probability of obtaining offspring that produce yellow fruit and have tall vines, in a cross between two hybrid plants with the alleles RrTt x RrTt, where red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow fruit (r) and tall vines (T) is dominant to dwarf vines (t)?
Match Mendel's Three Laws to the correct definitions.
Match Mendel's Three Laws to the correct definitions.
Suppose that a child with free earlobes has a mother with attached earlobes. Can a man with attached earlobes be the father?
Suppose that a child with free earlobes has a mother with attached earlobes. Can a man with attached earlobes be the father?
Determine the genotype of all family members, in the following situation. The father has a long second toe (T) and normal joints (d). The mother has a long second toe (T) and double-jointedness (D). Their son has a short second toe (t) and double-jointedness (D). The daughter has a long second toe (T) and normal joints (d).
Determine the genotype of all family members, in the following situation. The father has a long second toe (T) and normal joints (d). The mother has a long second toe (T) and double-jointedness (D). Their son has a short second toe (t) and double-jointedness (D). The daughter has a long second toe (T) and normal joints (d).
Two black female guinea pigs are crossed with the same male guinea pig. One female produces 8 black offspring and 6 white offspring. The other female produces 13 black offspring and 0 white offspring. What is the genotype of each of the parents?
Two black female guinea pigs are crossed with the same male guinea pig. One female produces 8 black offspring and 6 white offspring. The other female produces 13 black offspring and 0 white offspring. What is the genotype of each of the parents?
In flowers, pink offspring are produced by crossing a plant bearing white flowers with a plant bearing red flowers. This principle is called ______
In flowers, pink offspring are produced by crossing a plant bearing white flowers with a plant bearing red flowers. This principle is called ______
In cattle, red coat color and white coat color are equally expressed, where neither one masks the expression of the other. This principle is called ______.
In cattle, red coat color and white coat color are equally expressed, where neither one masks the expression of the other. This principle is called ______.
______ inheritance is the inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes.
______ inheritance is the inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes.
The ABO blood group is an example of a single gene that has ______ in humans.
The ABO blood group is an example of a single gene that has ______ in humans.
A cross between a purebred animal with red hair and a pure bred animal with white hair produces an animal that has both red and white hair (roan). This is an example of incomplete dominance.
A cross between a purebred animal with red hair and a pure bred animal with white hair produces an animal that has both red and white hair (roan). This is an example of incomplete dominance.
What would a farmer breed to create offspring with three distinct phenotypes (red, roan, and white) for coat color in cattle, given that red (CRCR) and white (CWCW) are homozygous alleles and roan (CRCW) is heterozygous?
What would a farmer breed to create offspring with three distinct phenotypes (red, roan, and white) for coat color in cattle, given that red (CRCR) and white (CWCW) are homozygous alleles and roan (CRCW) is heterozygous?
In winter squash, white fruit (W) is dominant over yellow fruit (w), and elongated shaped vegetables (EE) are incompletely dominant over sphere shaped vegetables (E'E') and bell shaped vegetables (EE'). If a plant heterozygous for white fruit (Ww) and sphere shaped (E'E') is cross-pollinated with a plant homozygous for yellow fruit (ww) and elongated (EE), what is the probability of having white bell shaped squash?
In winter squash, white fruit (W) is dominant over yellow fruit (w), and elongated shaped vegetables (EE) are incompletely dominant over sphere shaped vegetables (E'E') and bell shaped vegetables (EE'). If a plant heterozygous for white fruit (Ww) and sphere shaped (E'E') is cross-pollinated with a plant homozygous for yellow fruit (ww) and elongated (EE), what is the probability of having white bell shaped squash?
A man with type AB blood, can be the father of a child with type O blood.
A man with type AB blood, can be the father of a child with type O blood.
A mother with type IBi blood and a father with type IAIB blood can have a child with type IAi blood.
A mother with type IBi blood and a father with type IAIB blood can have a child with type IAi blood.
A woman with type B blood, whose father is blood type O, and a man with type A blood, whose father is AB and mother is AA, can have a child with type O blood.
A woman with type B blood, whose father is blood type O, and a man with type A blood, whose father is AB and mother is AA, can have a child with type O blood.
In sweet peas, purple flower color (F) is dominant over pink (f), but a control gene exists. If the plant has a dominant gene ‘G’, the purple has ‘permission’ to express itself. If the plant is homozygous recessive ‘gg,’ the purple ‘does not have permission’ to express itself and the flower will be white flowers. A plant with homozygous purple (FF) and heterozygous control (Gg) is crossed with a plant with white flower (ff) that has genes for pink expression but contains non-controlled genes (gg). What type of gene is influencing the expression of flower color?
In sweet peas, purple flower color (F) is dominant over pink (f), but a control gene exists. If the plant has a dominant gene ‘G’, the purple has ‘permission’ to express itself. If the plant is homozygous recessive ‘gg,’ the purple ‘does not have permission’ to express itself and the flower will be white flowers. A plant with homozygous purple (FF) and heterozygous control (Gg) is crossed with a plant with white flower (ff) that has genes for pink expression but contains non-controlled genes (gg). What type of gene is influencing the expression of flower color?
______ is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis.
______ is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis.
In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what does the term 'no gene flow' signify?
In the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what does the term 'no gene flow' signify?
What does the term '2pq' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
What does the term '2pq' represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
If the frequency of the homozygous recessive phenotype (q2) is 0.16, what is the frequency of the dominant allele (p)?
If the frequency of the homozygous recessive phenotype (q2) is 0.16, what is the frequency of the dominant allele (p)?
Which of the following conditions would disrupt the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, potentially leading to evolutionary change?
Which of the following conditions would disrupt the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, potentially leading to evolutionary change?
A population of 1000 individuals has 360 individuals exhibiting the homozygous recessive phenotype. What is the frequency of the recessive allele (q)?
A population of 1000 individuals has 360 individuals exhibiting the homozygous recessive phenotype. What is the frequency of the recessive allele (q)?
If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 0.3, what is the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype (2pq)?
If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the frequency of the recessive allele (q) is 0.3, what is the expected frequency of the heterozygous genotype (2pq)?
Which of the following is NOT a condition necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Which of the following is NOT a condition necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
In a population of 500 individuals, 100 exhibit the homozygous recessive phenotype. What is the frequency of the dominant allele (p)?
In a population of 500 individuals, 100 exhibit the homozygous recessive phenotype. What is the frequency of the dominant allele (p)?
What is the significance of the Galapagos Islands to Darwin's work?
What is the significance of the Galapagos Islands to Darwin's work?
How does the use of restriction enzymes contribute to the creation of recombinant plasmids?
How does the use of restriction enzymes contribute to the creation of recombinant plasmids?
What is the process called when a bacterial plasmid with a recombinant DNA is inserted into a host bacterium?
What is the process called when a bacterial plasmid with a recombinant DNA is inserted into a host bacterium?
Why is it important for the same restriction enzymes to be used to cut both human DNA and the plasmid?
Why is it important for the same restriction enzymes to be used to cut both human DNA and the plasmid?
What is the significance of the statement 'populations evolve, not individuals'?
What is the significance of the statement 'populations evolve, not individuals'?
Which of the following best defines evolution?
Which of the following best defines evolution?
How are the host bacteria able to produce clones containing the human insulin gene?
How are the host bacteria able to produce clones containing the human insulin gene?
What is the role of the gene gun in inserting the recombinant plasmid into the host bacterium?
What is the role of the gene gun in inserting the recombinant plasmid into the host bacterium?
What is the most likely genotype of the two youngest boys who have hemophilia?
What is the most likely genotype of the two youngest boys who have hemophilia?
What is the type of inheritance pattern exhibited by hemophilia based on the information provided?
What is the type of inheritance pattern exhibited by hemophilia based on the information provided?
Which statement accurately describes the inheritance pattern for the children of the affected oldest daughter?
Which statement accurately describes the inheritance pattern for the children of the affected oldest daughter?
What can be concluded about the husband's genotype based on his marriage to the daughter with hemophilia?
What can be concluded about the husband's genotype based on his marriage to the daughter with hemophilia?
How would the youngest son’s children inherit hemophilia based on their parent's genetics?
How would the youngest son’s children inherit hemophilia based on their parent's genetics?
Which statement accurately describes autosomal dominant inheritance?
Which statement accurately describes autosomal dominant inheritance?
What is a characteristic feature of sex-linked recessive traits?
What is a characteristic feature of sex-linked recessive traits?
What is the main outcome of meiosis?
What is the main outcome of meiosis?
How do random assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic variation?
How do random assortment and crossing over contribute to genetic variation?
Which statement reflects the nature of crossing over during meiosis?
Which statement reflects the nature of crossing over during meiosis?
In which phase of meiosis is genetic recombination most likely to occur?
In which phase of meiosis is genetic recombination most likely to occur?
What is the significance of variation within a species?
What is the significance of variation within a species?
How many non-identical haploid gametes are produced through meiosis?
How many non-identical haploid gametes are produced through meiosis?
What term describes the process by which organisms adapt to survive in harsher conditions over time?
What term describes the process by which organisms adapt to survive in harsher conditions over time?
Which scientist's ideas contributed to the understanding of population control through competition?
Which scientist's ideas contributed to the understanding of population control through competition?
Which of the following is NOT a contribution to Darwin's theories?
Which of the following is NOT a contribution to Darwin's theories?
What does the term 'fitness' refer to in the context of evolutionary biology?
What does the term 'fitness' refer to in the context of evolutionary biology?
What phenomenon did Darwin's observations of the Galapagos Islands suggest?
What phenomenon did Darwin's observations of the Galapagos Islands suggest?
Which concept is a key component of both Darwin and Lamarck's theories?
Which concept is a key component of both Darwin and Lamarck's theories?
What essential idea did Lyell contribute that influenced Darwin's thinking?
What essential idea did Lyell contribute that influenced Darwin's thinking?
Which aspect of Galapagos wildlife is essential for studying evolution?
Which aspect of Galapagos wildlife is essential for studying evolution?
What is the phenotypic ratio produced from the cross between two heterozygous plants RrTt?
What is the phenotypic ratio produced from the cross between two heterozygous plants RrTt?
What is the probability of obtaining offspring that produce yellow fruit and have tall vines from the RrTt x RrTt cross?
What is the probability of obtaining offspring that produce yellow fruit and have tall vines from the RrTt x RrTt cross?
Which of the following describes the law of segregation?
Which of the following describes the law of segregation?
In a dihybrid cross, what is the total number of genotypes produced from a cross between RrTt and RrTt?
In a dihybrid cross, what is the total number of genotypes produced from a cross between RrTt and RrTt?
Which genotype will yield 100% dominant phenotypes when crossed with a homozygous recessive individual?
Which genotype will yield 100% dominant phenotypes when crossed with a homozygous recessive individual?
What aspect of Mendel's laws does the law of independent assortment relate to?
What aspect of Mendel's laws does the law of independent assortment relate to?
Given the genotypic ratio from the RrTt cross, which is correct?
Given the genotypic ratio from the RrTt cross, which is correct?
What trait is expressed in the homozygous recessive condition?
What trait is expressed in the homozygous recessive condition?
Flashcards
What is a genotype?
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism.
What is a phenotype?
What is a phenotype?
The physical expression of genes.
What is a recessive trait?
What is a recessive trait?
A trait that is hidden in the heterozygous condition.
What is a heterozygous organism?
What is a heterozygous organism?
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What is a homozygous organism?
What is a homozygous organism?
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What is a monohybrid cross?
What is a monohybrid cross?
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What is a dihybrid cross?
What is a dihybrid cross?
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What is a test cross?
What is a test cross?
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What is the Law of Segregation?
What is the Law of Segregation?
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What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
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What is the Law of Dominance?
What is the Law of Dominance?
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What is incomplete dominance?
What is incomplete dominance?
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What is codominance?
What is codominance?
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What is polygenic inheritance?
What is polygenic inheritance?
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What is a multiple allele trait?
What is a multiple allele trait?
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What is a point mutation?
What is a point mutation?
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What is a frameshift mutation?
What is a frameshift mutation?
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What is a deletion mutation?
What is a deletion mutation?
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What is an insertion mutation?
What is an insertion mutation?
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What is DNA replication?
What is DNA replication?
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What is transcription?
What is transcription?
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What is translation?
What is translation?
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What is a codon?
What is a codon?
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What is an anticodon?
What is an anticodon?
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What is a nucleotide?
What is a nucleotide?
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What is nondisjunction?
What is nondisjunction?
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What is gel electrophoresis?
What is gel electrophoresis?
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What is a mutagen?
What is a mutagen?
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What is a translocation?
What is a translocation?
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What is gene therapy?
What is gene therapy?
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What is a transgenic organism?
What is a transgenic organism?
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What is evolution?
What is evolution?
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What is fitness?
What is fitness?
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What is natural selection?
What is natural selection?
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What is an adaptation?
What is an adaptation?
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What is speciation?
What is speciation?
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What is stabilizing selection?
What is stabilizing selection?
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What is directional selection?
What is directional selection?
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What is disruptive selection?
What is disruptive selection?
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What is a vestigial organ?
What is a vestigial organ?
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Study Notes
Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance
-
Vocabulary Review:
- Heterozygous: An organism with two different alleles for a trait.
- Dominant: A trait that masks the expression of another trait in a heterozygous individual.
- Monohybrid: A cross involving only one trait.
- Purebred: A plant that has self-pollinated to produce offspring that show the same trait.
- Recessive: A trait hidden in the heterozygous condition, not expressed unless homozygous.
- Test Cross: A cross used to determine the unknown genotype of an organism.
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism (alleles present).
- Phenotype: Observable physical characteristics of an organism (expression of genes).
- Cross Pollinating: Transferring pollen from one plant to another to produce offspring.
- Homozygous Recessive: An organism with two identical recessive alleles.
- Cross Pollinating: Transferring pollen between different plants.
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Same Phenotype, Different Genotypes: Two organisms can have the same observable trait (phenotype) but different genetic makeup. (genotype).
Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance
-
Dihybrid Trait Determination:
- Gametes are determined using the FOIL method (AB, Ab, aB, ab, example for AaBb).
- The product rule for multiple traits can be used to determine the probability of multiple gametes appearing. Calculating this probability can be done using simple multiplication.
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Genotypic Ratio of Offspring: When two heterozygous organisms (Aa x Aa) create offspring, the genotypic ratio will be 1:2:1 (1 homozygous dominant: 2 heterozygous : 1 homozygous recessive).
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Dihybrid Crosses: A dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (AaBb x AaBb) always give a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio (example ratios).
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Dominant/Recessive Pea Traits: Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y).
Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance
- Specific Pea Plant Traits (Important Terminology):
- Yellow color is dominant to green color.
- Dwarf plants are recessive to tall plants.
Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance
- Determining Unknown Genotypes: A test cross involving the unknown organism and a homozygous recessive individual is used to determine the genotype of the unknown.
Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance
- Important Terminology and Definitions including, but not limited to:
- Dominant and recessive traits
- Homozygous and Heterozygous
- Genotype and Phenotype
- Monohybrid crosses
- Dihybrid crosses
- Punnett squares
- Test crosses
- Probability, ratios etc
Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance
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Pedigree Analysis: Determining the likelihood of a genetic trait appearing in offspring using pedigree analysis.
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Determining Genotypes of family members based on parental characteristics (provided in pedigrees).
Unit 2: Molecular Genetics
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DNA Structure: DNA is a double helix with a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine).
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Base Pairing Rules: Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.
Unit 2: Molecular Genetics
- Nucleotide Components:Â
- A sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine or Thymine).
Unit 2: Molecular Genetics
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DNA Replication: DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
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Enzymes:Â Helicase unzips the DNA double helix. Polymerase III adds free nucleotides to the exposed bases on both leading and lagging strands. Ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. RNA polymerase creates an RNA primer for transcription.
Unit 2: Molecular Genetics
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Transcription: The process of creating an RNA copy of DNA.
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Translation: The process of assembling amino acids into a protein based on the mRNA sequence.
Unit 2: Molecular Genetics
- RNA Structure and Function:
- mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic information for protein synthesis;
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is a primary component of ribosomes (site of protein synthesis); and
- tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein assembly.
Unit 3: Evolutionary Theory
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Evolution Definition Change in heritable characteristics of a population over time.
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Darwin's Theory of Evolution
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Overpopulation
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Variation
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Competition
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Adaptation
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Natural Selection
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Test your knowledge on Mendelian genetics and human inheritance concepts with this quiz. You'll encounter key vocabulary and definitions essential for understanding genetic traits and inheritance patterns. Perfect for students studying genetics or preparing for exams.
