Biology 1011 Pretest Exam 1

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Questions and Answers

Match the following scientists with their major contributions to microbiology:

Robert Koch = Established the germ theory of disease Carolus Linnaeus = Developed the system of binomial nomenclature Louis Pasteur = Discovered pasteurization and disproved spontaneous generation Ignaz Semmelweis = Advocated for handwashing to prevent puerperal fever

Match each domain with its corresponding cell type and characteristics:

Bacteria = Prokaryotic cells with peptidoglycan in cell walls Archaea = Prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; often found in extreme environments Eukarya = Eukaryotic cells with membrane-bound organelles Animalia = Multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells that obtain nutrients by ingestion

Match each chemical element with its atomic weight:

Oxygen (O) = 16 Carbon (C) = 12 Hydrogen (H) = 1 Nitrogen (N) = 14

Match the types of chemical bonds with their descriptions:

Ionic bond = Formed through the transfer of electrons between atoms Covalent bond = Formed through the sharing of electrons between atoms Hydrogen bond = A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom Hydrophobic interaction = Interaction of nonpolar substances in the presence of polar substances (especially water) Signup and view all the answers

Match the macromolecules with their respective monomers:

Carbohydrates = Monosaccharides Lipids = Glycerol and fatty acids Proteins = Amino acids Nucleic acids = Nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

Match each term with its correct definition regarding pH and solutions:

Acid = A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution Base = A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution Buffer = A substance that resists changes in pH Neutral pH = A pH of 7, where the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions are equal Signup and view all the answers

Associate each unit of measurement with its equivalent in meters:

Millimeter (mm) = $10^{-3}$ m Micrometer (μm) = $10^{-6}$ m Nanometer (nm) = $10^{-9}$ m Picometer (pm) = $10^{-12}$ m Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of microscopy with its suitable usage.

Compound light microscope = Observing stained bacterial cells Phase-contrast microscope = Examining internal structures of living cells Darkfield microscope = Observing motility of microorganisms Fluorescence microscope = Identifying specific proteins or structures in cells using fluorescent dyes Signup and view all the answers

Match the bacterial structure with its primary function:

Fimbriae = Attachment to surfaces Endospore = Survival in harsh conditions Plasma membrane = Selective barrier Capsule = Protection from phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following transport mechanisms with their description:

Simple diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without assistance Facilitated diffusion = Movement of molecules across the membrane with the help of transport proteins Active transport = Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy Osmosis = Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane Signup and view all the answers

Match the flagellar arrangement with its description:

Monotrichous = Single flagellum at one pole Amphitrichous = Flagella at both poles Lophotrichous = Tuft of flagella at one pole Peritrichous = Flagella distributed over the entire cell Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with its correct definition related to solutions and cells:

Isotonic = Solution where solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell Hypotonic = Solution where solute concentration is lower outside the cell Hypertonic = Solution where solute concentration is higher outside the cell Osmotic lysis = Rupture of a cell due to excessive water intake Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of inclusion with its primary storage material:

Metachromatic granules = Phosphate reserves Polysaccharide granules = Glycogen or starch Lipid inclusions = Lipid storage Sulfur granules = Sulfur Signup and view all the answers

Match the antibiotic with its target:

Penicillin = Cell wall synthesis Tetracycline = Protein synthesis Quinolones = DNA replication Polymyxin = Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

Associate the process with its explanation of genetic material transfer in bacteria:

Conjugation = Transfer of genetic material through direct cell-to-cell contact Transformation = Uptake of free DNA from the environment Transduction = Transfer of DNA via a bacteriophage Binary fission = Asexual reproduction resulting in identical daughter cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the component of an endospore with its function:

Dipicolinic acid (DPA) = Stabilizes DNA and proteins Spore coat = Provides protection against harsh conditions Core = Contains the cell's DNA, ribosomes and enzymes Cortex = Maintains the dehydrated state of the endospore Signup and view all the answers

Match each scientist with their contribution related to disproving spontaneous generation or developing germ theory:

Louis Pasteur = Developed pasteurization to kill microbes in liquids. Robert Koch = Established postulates to link specific microbes to specific diseases. Joseph Lister = Pioneered the use of antiseptics in surgery. Francesco Redi = Demonstrates that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat. Signup and view all the answers

Match the lipid type with its primary components:

Simple Lipid = Fatty acids and glycerol Complex Lipid = Fatty acids, glycerol, and other elements like phosphate, nitrogen or sulfur. Saturated Fatty Acid = Carbon atoms fully saturated with hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated Fatty Acid = One or more double bonds between carbon atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Match the staining technique with its primary purpose:

Gram Stain = Differentiates bacteria based on cell wall structure (Gram-positive or Gram-negative). Acid-Fast Stain = Identifies bacteria with mycolic acid in their cell walls. Endospore Stain = Highlights the presence of endospores within bacterial cells. Negative Stain = Reveals bacterial capsules. Signup and view all the answers

Match the bacterial structure with its function:

Cell Membrane = Controls what enters and exits the cell; location of ATP production Cell Wall = Provides structural support and protection. Ribosome = Synthesizes proteins. Capsule = Protects against phagocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with what results from the removal of the cell wall in bacteria:

Gram-Positive Bacteria = Protoplast Gram-Negative Bacteria = Spheroplast Both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative = Cell lysis in hypotonic solutions Mycoplasmas = Unaffected, as they naturally lack a cell wall Signup and view all the answers

Match the microbial structure with its functional role:

Pili = Attachment to host cells and surfaces Flagella = Bacterial motility Endospores = Survival under harsh environmental conditions Plasmids = Extrachromosomal DNA that may carry antibiotic resistance genes Signup and view all the answers

Place these steps of Gram staining in the correct order:

1st = Crystal violet (primary stain) 2nd = Gram's iodine (mordant) 3rd = Alcohol (decolorizer) 4th = Safranin (counterstain) Signup and view all the answers

Match the microscope component with its function:

Objective Lens = Primary magnification of the specimen. Ocular Lens = Further magnifies the image from the objective lens. Condenser = Focuses light onto the specimen. Diaphragm = Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Microorganism benefits

Microorganisms are used to synthesize products like riboflavin, acetone, and insulin.

Linnaean classification

The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by Carolus Linnaeus.