Biologie Cellulaire: Système Respiratoire

Introduction

• This document is a course notebook for a cell biology and homeostasis course, specifically covering the respiratory system.
• The last update was August 12, 2024.

Learning Objectives

• Describe the roles of the respiratory system.
• Name and describe the 4 essential processes of respiration.
• Distinguish between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone.
• Describe the roles of the conducting zone and its organs.
• Describe the roles of the respiratory zone and its organs.
• Describe the anatomy and histology of respiratory organs (nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs).
• Describe the roles of the following organs: nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
• Describe the function of the mucociliary escalator.
• Describe the effects of smoking on the respiratory system and related diseases, including the incidence of cancers and chronic diseases.
• Describe the pathway of air from the mouth or nose to the alveoli.
• Describe the pathway of oxygen (O2) from the lungs to the cells.
• Describe the pathway of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the cells to the respiratory tract.
• Describe the structure of the alveolar wall and the alveolocapillary membrane.
• Describe the role of the following elements: surfactant, alveolar macrophages, pulmonary capillaries, elastic fibers, cilia, mucus, and cartilage of the trachea and bronchi.
• Define the following terms: hilum of the lung, apex of the lung, and base of the lung.
• Compare the right and left lungs (volume and number of lobes).
• Describe the location, structure, and function of the pleura and pleural fluid.
• Describe the vascularization of the lungs.
• Describe the laws, mechanisms, and phenomena involved in normal and forced inspiration and expiration.
• Describe the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation (resistance, surface tension, and compliance).
• Name and identify the muscles involved in ventilation.
• Define the different respiratory volumes and capacities and describe their significance and importance.
• Define and describe FEV1 and its clinical importance.
• Distinguish between pulmonary and alveolar ventilation and calculate them in different situations.
• Describe the concept of dead space.
• Describe the mechanism of action of hyperbaric conditions in the treatment of certain pathologies.
• Describe the phenomena that occur during carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning.
• Describe the concept of ventilation-perfusion coupling.
• Describe internal and external respiration.
• Describe the mechanisms of O2 and CO2 transport in the blood.
• Describe the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the cells.
• Describe the influence of CO2 on blood pH.
• Describe all the mechanisms that regulate respiration and name all the factors that influence respiratory rate and amplitude.
• Briefly describe the causes, consequences, and treatments of the following conditions, referring to the course notes: COPD (chronic bronchitis and emphysema), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, atelectasis, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis.
• Describe these procedures: bronchoscopy, intubation, tracheotomy, tracheostomy, thoracic drainage, and pleural puncture.

Respiratory System Details

• The respiratory system's primary function is to deliver oxygen (O2) to the body's cells and remove carbon dioxide (CO2).
• The respiratory system consists of 37.2 trillion cells requiring oxygen to produce ATP, and producing CO2 as a waste product. The body must then remove the CO2.
• The respiratory system is responsible for removing approximately 200ml of CO2 per minute.

Respiratory Functions

• Detect odors
• Produce sound
• Circulate blood and lymph

Essential Processes of Respiration

• Pulmonary ventilation
• External respiration
• Transport of respiratory gases
• Internal respiration

Anatomy and Organization

Details about the anatomy of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Also details on the pleura and pleural fluid, and the physical characteristics of the lungs. This includes specific characteristics of the different parts, diagrams, and relevant figures.

Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

• Regulation of blood flow to the alveoli based on ventilation.

Gas Transport

• Details on how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
• Roles of hemoglobin in oxygen transport.
• Various forms of CO2 transportation

Chemical Influence on Respiration

• How CO2 and O2 levels influence respiratory rate and depth.
• Influence of pH on respiration

Respiratory Diseases

Detailed descriptions of common respiratory conditions, including causes, symptoms, and treatments (eg. emphysema and chronic bronchitis, asthma), and complications related to these diseases.

Diagnostic tools used for these problems

Details on diagnostic methods for breathing problems.

Ventilation - Pulmonary Ventilation and Alveolar Ventilation

• Definitions of pulmonary ventilation (air movement in and out of lungs) and alveolar ventilation (air movement that reaches alveoli)

Important Tests of Respiratory Function

• Explanation and use of Spirometry and other tests used to evaluate lung function.

Physical Factors Influencing Pulmonary Ventilation

• Discussion of resistance, surface tension, and compliance in the lungs.

Histological Details of the Respiratory System

• Description of the different types of epithelial cells in the respiratory system and their functions.

Pleura and Pleural Cavity

Pleurisy, Pneumothorax, and Effusion

• Causes, symptoms/signs to assess them.
• Treatments/procedures used in the treatment of them.

Ce quiz couvre les concepts fondamentaux du système respiratoire, notamment ses rôles, les processus essentiels de la respiration, ainsi que l'anatomie et l'histologie des organes respiratoires. Comprenez la distinction entre la zone de conduction et la zone respiratoire, et examinez l'impact du tabagisme sur la santé respiratoire.