Biological Molecules Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the Scientific Method?

  • Designing experiments or studies
  • Forming hypotheses
  • Making an observation about a phenomenon (correct)
  • Conducting background research

What is a hypothesis in the context of the Scientific Method?

  • A testable explanation based on available information (correct)
  • An untestable guess
  • A statement with absolute certainty
  • A proven fact about a phenomenon

What is the purpose of conducting background research in the Scientific Method?

  • To gather information and understand what is already known about the topic (correct)
  • To make an observation about a phenomenon
  • To design experiments or studies
  • To prove the hypothesis

According to R.P. Feynman, what is scientific knowledge?

<p>A body of statements of varying degrees of certainty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Scientific Method aim to assist individuals in doing?

<p>Determining their existing understanding, uncovering fresh insights, and assessing the level of certainty in their knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a hypothesis in the Scientific Method?

<p>To predict the outcome of an experiment or observation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning does hypothesis-based science use?

<p>Deductive reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ensures the quality and validity of research in the scientific community?

<p>Peer review (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypotheses have different implications for the scientific method?

<p>Testable and non-testable hypotheses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to test hypotheses through experiments, with predictable outcomes?

<p>The Hypothetico-Deductive Method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of science uses inductive reasoning to form generalizations or hypotheses based on specific observations or evidence?

<p>Induction-based science (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the acceptance of theories in science?

<p>A large body of evidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference between isotopes of an element?

<p>They have different numbers of neutrons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a bond is ionic or covalent?

<p>Difference in electronegativity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of water allows it to form droplets and be drawn up into narrow tubes?

<p>Cohesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond involves the equal sharing of electrons?

<p>Non-polar covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of cells, making up approximately 80% of their content?

<p>Carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the atomic number of an element represent?

<p>Number of protons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds determine the tertiary structure of a protein?

<p>Hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acids impact their state at room temperature?

<p>Saturated and unsaturated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers of proteins?

<p>Amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein?

<p>Linear sequence of amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes phospholipids as essential for cellular membrane integrity?

<p>Amphipathic nature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes steroids as hydrophobic lipids?

<p>Hormonal and structural roles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fatty acids have one or more double bonds, which can be in cis or trans configurations?

<p>Unsaturated fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fats?

<p>Energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that forms covalent bonds through the loss of a water molecule?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are enantiomers?

<p>Mirror images of each other with non-superimposable configurations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are macromolecules composed of many monomer subunits, synthesized through condensation synthesis called?

<p>Polymers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of polysaccharides?

<p>Starch, glycogen, and cellulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose of the scientific method and its structured process elements.

<p>The scientific method serves as a structured approach aimed at assisting individuals in determining their existing understanding, uncovering fresh insights, and assessing the level of certainty they can have in their knowledge. Its structured process elements include observation, research, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a hypothesis and explain its role in the scientific method.

<p>A hypothesis is a testable explanation or educated guess based on the available information. It is a statement that predicts the outcome of an experiment or observation. In the scientific method, hypotheses serve as the foundation for designing experiments or studies and predicting the expected results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of background research in the scientific method.

<p>Background research is essential in the scientific method as it helps scientists gather information and understand what is already known about a topic. This understanding aids in forming hypotheses, designing experiments or studies, and ensuring that the new research contributes meaningfully to the existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the quote 'Scientific knowledge is a body of statements of varying degrees of certainty -- some most unsure, some nearly sure, none absolutely certain.' by R.P. Feynman.

<p>The quote underscores the diverse levels of certainty associated with scientific knowledge. It emphasizes that scientific understanding ranges from being very uncertain to nearly certain, with no absolute certainty. This highlights the dynamic and evolving nature of scientific knowledge, which is subject to continuous questioning, testing, and refinement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of observation in the scientific method and its significance in the process of inquiry.

<p>Observation is the initial step in the scientific method, involving the act of making an observation about a particular phenomenon or asking a question about it. It serves as the starting point for scientific inquiry, often arising from curiosity or prior knowledge. Observations play a crucial role in guiding the formulation of hypotheses and the design of subsequent experiments or studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the purpose of the scientific method in assisting individuals and uncovering fresh insights.

<p>The scientific method aims to assist individuals in determining their existing understanding, uncovering fresh insights, and assessing the level of certainty they can have in their knowledge. It serves as a systematic approach for investigating natural phenomena, gaining new knowledge, and continuously refining scientific understanding through rigorous inquiry and experimentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of enantiomers and the conditions under which they occur in carbon-based molecules.

<p>Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, occurring when a C atom has 4 different attachments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of condensation synthesis and provide an example of a macromolecule synthesized through this process.

<p>Condensation synthesis is the process by which macromolecules are synthesized through the formation of covalent bonds and the release of a water molecule. An example is the formation of proteins from amino acid monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between oligosaccharides and disaccharides, providing examples of each.

<p>Oligosaccharides are short chains of 2 or more sugar monomers, while disaccharides consist of two sugar monomers. An example of an oligosaccharide is maltose, and an example of a disaccharide is sucrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including their chemical structure and implications for health.

<p>Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids can be in cis or trans configurations, and they have implications for health due to their impact on cholesterol levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the properties of lipids that make them typically insoluble in water, and provide examples of lipid types.

<p>Lipids are typically insoluble in water due to their non-polar covalent bonds. Examples of lipid types include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between condensation reaction and hydrolysis in the context of macromolecules, providing their respective roles.

<p>Condensation reaction forms covalent bonds through the loss of a water molecule, while hydrolysis breaks apart bonds through the addition of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of cis and trans configurations on the chain kinking and fluidity of fatty acids in biological molecules.

<p>The cis and trans configurations of fatty acids affect the arrangement of carbon chains, with cis configurations causing kinks and increasing fluidity, while trans configurations result in straight chains and reduced fluidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their respective states at room temperature.

<p>Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are typically liquid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the essential role of phospholipids in maintaining cellular membrane integrity and their amphipathic nature.

<p>Phospholipids are essential for cellular membrane integrity due to their amphipathic nature, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form the lipid bilayer that constitutes the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of proteins in living organisms, including their diverse roles and the composition of their monomers.

<p>Proteins play diverse roles in living organisms, including structural, catalytic, and transport functions. They are composed of monomers called amino acids, with 20 commonly found amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Detail the difference between the ability of plants and mammals to synthesize protein amino acids, and the dietary requirements of essential amino acids for mammals.

<p>Plants are capable of synthesizing all 20 protein amino acids, while mammals need to obtain essential amino acids from their diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the levels of structure in proteins and their respective characteristics, including primary, secondary, and tertiary structure.

<p>Proteins exhibit distinct levels of structure, including primary (linear sequence of amino acids), secondary (alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed by hydrogen bonds), and tertiary (3D folding determining function) structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of isotopes and how they differ from regular elements.

<p>Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the characteristics of covalent bonds and the difference between non-polar and polar covalent bonds.

<p>Covalent bonds involve electrons in outer orbitals forming pairs. They can be non-polar (electrons shared equally) or polar (unequally shared).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the formation and characteristics of ionic bonds, including the role of electronegativity.

<p>Ionic bonds occur when there is a large difference in electronegativity, involving electron transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of hydrogen bonds in relation to polar covalent bonds and their impact on water's properties.

<p>Hydrogen bonds are weak and transient, forming due to polar covalent bonds containing hydrogen. They contribute to water's cohesion, adhesion, and its liquid state at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of water in biological systems, including its role in cells and its unique properties.

<p>Water is fundamental to life, with cells consisting of approximately 80% water. It exhibits cohesion, adhesion, and its extensive hydrogen bonding causes it to be a liquid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of carbon as the backbone of life and its significance in biological molecules.

<p>Carbon is the backbone of life, with all biological molecules being carbon-based and carbon atoms always having four bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between induction-based science and hypothesis-based science. Provide an example of each type of science.

<p>Induction-based science uses inductive reasoning to form generalizations or hypotheses based on specific observations or evidence, such as Darwin's theory of evolution. Hypothesis-based science uses deductive reasoning and involves the testing of hypotheses through experimentation, such as testing the effect of a new drug on a specific disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of peer review and its role in ensuring the quality and validity of scientific research.

<p>Peer review is the evaluation of scientific work by others in the same field to ensure its quality and validity. Experts assess the research methods, data analysis, and conclusions to determine if the study meets the standards for publication and contributes to the scientific community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of falsifiability in scientific hypotheses. Provide an example of a falsifiable hypothesis.

<p>Falsifiability is the ability of a hypothesis to be proven false through experimentation or observation. An example of a falsifiable hypothesis is 'All swans are white,' which can be proven false by finding a single black swan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of the Hypothetico-Deductive Method in testing scientific hypotheses. Provide an example of a hypothesis tested using this method.

<p>The Hypothetico-Deductive Method is used to test hypotheses through experiments with predictable outcomes. An example is testing the hypothesis that a new fertilizer will increase crop yield by conducting controlled experiments with and without the fertilizer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between testable and non-testable hypotheses and their implications for the scientific method. Provide an example of each type of hypothesis.

<p>Testable hypotheses can be investigated through experimentation or observation, while non-testable hypotheses cannot be empirically tested. An example of a testable hypothesis is 'Increasing temperature will speed up the rate of chemical reactions,' while an example of a non-testable hypothesis is 'The universe was created by a supernatural being.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the importance of independent verification in establishing scientific findings. Provide an example of a scientific finding that has been independently verified.

<p>Independent verification involves other researchers replicating an experiment or study to confirm its results. An example of independently verified findings is the discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick, which has been replicated and confirmed by numerous other scientists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Large Biological Molecules and Their Properties

  • Carbon atoms can form single, double, and triple bonds, leading to isomerism in C-based molecules
  • Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, occurring when a C atom has 4 different attachments
  • Macromolecules are polymers composed of many monomer subunits, synthesized through condensation synthesis
  • Polymers consist of many linked monomers, with examples including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
  • Condensation reaction forms covalent bonds through the loss of a water molecule, while hydrolysis breaks apart bonds through the addition of water
  • Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the four major groups of large biological molecules
  • Monosaccharides are small, water-soluble molecules with 5-6 carbon atoms and multiple hydroxyl groups
  • Oligosaccharides are short chains of 2 or more sugar monomers, while disaccharides consist of two sugars
  • Polysaccharides are large macromolecules, with examples including starch, glycogen, and cellulose
  • Lipids, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, are typically not soluble in water due to their non-polar covalent bonds
  • Fats consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol and are primarily used as energy storage molecules
  • Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, which can be in cis or trans configurations

Scientific Method and Types of Science

  • Hypotheses in science should be clear, specific, and falsifiable.
  • Scientists design experiments or conduct observations to test their hypotheses.
  • Data collection during experiments should be accurate and objective.
  • Scientists analyze data using statistical and analytical methods to support or reject the hypothesis.
  • Based on the analysis of the data, scientists draw conclusions and communicate their findings.
  • Peer review ensures the quality and validity of research in the scientific community.
  • Scientific findings are not considered conclusive until they have been independently verified through repetition.
  • Induction-based science uses inductive reasoning to form generalizations or hypotheses based on specific observations or evidence.
  • Hypothesis-based science uses deductive reasoning and involves the testing of hypotheses through experimentation.
  • The Hypothetico-Deductive Method is used to test hypotheses through experiments, with predictable outcomes.
  • Testable and non-testable hypotheses have different implications for the scientific method.
  • Theories in science attempt to explain a large number of phenomena and require a large body of evidence for acceptance.

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