Biological Molecules Quiz

<p>A body of statements of varying degrees of certainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determining their existing understanding, uncovering fresh insights, and assessing the level of certainty in their knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To predict the outcome of an experiment or observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peer review</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testable and non-testable hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hypothetico-Deductive Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induction-based science</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large body of evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have different numbers of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difference in electronegativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-polar covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated and unsaturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linear sequence of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphipathic nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal and structural roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unsaturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mirror images of each other with non-superimposable configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch, glycogen, and cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The scientific method serves as a structured approach aimed at assisting individuals in determining their existing understanding, uncovering fresh insights, and assessing the level of certainty they can have in their knowledge. Its structured process elements include observation, research, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A hypothesis is a testable explanation or educated guess based on the available information. It is a statement that predicts the outcome of an experiment or observation. In the scientific method, hypotheses serve as the foundation for designing experiments or studies and predicting the expected results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Background research is essential in the scientific method as it helps scientists gather information and understand what is already known about a topic. This understanding aids in forming hypotheses, designing experiments or studies, and ensuring that the new research contributes meaningfully to the existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The quote underscores the diverse levels of certainty associated with scientific knowledge. It emphasizes that scientific understanding ranges from being very uncertain to nearly certain, with no absolute certainty. This highlights the dynamic and evolving nature of scientific knowledge, which is subject to continuous questioning, testing, and refinement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Observation is the initial step in the scientific method, involving the act of making an observation about a particular phenomenon or asking a question about it. It serves as the starting point for scientific inquiry, often arising from curiosity or prior knowledge. Observations play a crucial role in guiding the formulation of hypotheses and the design of subsequent experiments or studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The scientific method aims to assist individuals in determining their existing understanding, uncovering fresh insights, and assessing the level of certainty they can have in their knowledge. It serves as a systematic approach for investigating natural phenomena, gaining new knowledge, and continuously refining scientific understanding through rigorous inquiry and experimentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, occurring when a C atom has 4 different attachments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation synthesis is the process by which macromolecules are synthesized through the formation of covalent bonds and the release of a water molecule. An example is the formation of proteins from amino acid monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligosaccharides are short chains of 2 or more sugar monomers, while disaccharides consist of two sugar monomers. An example of an oligosaccharide is maltose, and an example of a disaccharide is sucrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. Unsaturated fatty acids can be in cis or trans configurations, and they have implications for health due to their impact on cholesterol levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipids are typically insoluble in water due to their non-polar covalent bonds. Examples of lipid types include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation reaction forms covalent bonds through the loss of a water molecule, while hydrolysis breaks apart bonds through the addition of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cis and trans configurations of fatty acids affect the arrangement of carbon chains, with cis configurations causing kinks and increasing fluidity, while trans configurations result in straight chains and reduced fluidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds and are typically liquid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids are essential for cellular membrane integrity due to their amphipathic nature, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form the lipid bilayer that constitutes the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins play diverse roles in living organisms, including structural, catalytic, and transport functions. They are composed of monomers called amino acids, with 20 commonly found amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plants are capable of synthesizing all 20 protein amino acids, while mammals need to obtain essential amino acids from their diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins exhibit distinct levels of structure, including primary (linear sequence of amino acids), secondary (alpha-helices and beta-sheets formed by hydrogen bonds), and tertiary (3D folding determining function) structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds involve electrons in outer orbitals forming pairs. They can be non-polar (electrons shared equally) or polar (unequally shared).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic bonds occur when there is a large difference in electronegativity, involving electron transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds are weak and transient, forming due to polar covalent bonds containing hydrogen. They contribute to water's cohesion, adhesion, and its liquid state at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water is fundamental to life, with cells consisting of approximately 80% water. It exhibits cohesion, adhesion, and its extensive hydrogen bonding causes it to be a liquid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon is the backbone of life, with all biological molecules being carbon-based and carbon atoms always having four bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induction-based science uses inductive reasoning to form generalizations or hypotheses based on specific observations or evidence, such as Darwin's theory of evolution. Hypothesis-based science uses deductive reasoning and involves the testing of hypotheses through experimentation, such as testing the effect of a new drug on a specific disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peer review is the evaluation of scientific work by others in the same field to ensure its quality and validity. Experts assess the research methods, data analysis, and conclusions to determine if the study meets the standards for publication and contributes to the scientific community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Falsifiability is the ability of a hypothesis to be proven false through experimentation or observation. An example of a falsifiable hypothesis is 'All swans are white,' which can be proven false by finding a single black swan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hypothetico-Deductive Method is used to test hypotheses through experiments with predictable outcomes. An example is testing the hypothesis that a new fertilizer will increase crop yield by conducting controlled experiments with and without the fertilizer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testable hypotheses can be investigated through experimentation or observation, while non-testable hypotheses cannot be empirically tested. An example of a testable hypothesis is 'Increasing temperature will speed up the rate of chemical reactions,' while an example of a non-testable hypothesis is 'The universe was created by a supernatural being.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Independent verification involves other researchers replicating an experiment or study to confirm its results. An example of independently verified findings is the discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick, which has been replicated and confirmed by numerous other scientists.</p> Signup and view all the answers