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Questions and Answers
Which class of molecules serve as a source of energy and provide structural support?
Which class of molecules serve as a source of energy and provide structural support?
- Nucleic acids
- Carbohydrates (correct)
- Proteins
- Lipids
Which class of molecules are macromolecules that are polymers?
Which class of molecules are macromolecules that are polymers?
- Nucleic acids
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins (correct)
- Lipids
Which class of molecules store, transmit, and help express hereditary information?
Which class of molecules store, transmit, and help express hereditary information?
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic acids (correct)
Which class of molecules are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules?
Which class of molecules are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules?
Which class of molecules include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions?
Which class of molecules include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions?
Which class of molecules are polymers built from monomers?
Which class of molecules are polymers built from monomers?
Which class of molecules serve as fuel and building material?
Which class of molecules serve as fuel and building material?
Which class of molecules include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions?
Which class of molecules include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions?
Which class of molecules are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules?
Which class of molecules are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules?
Which class of molecules store, transmit, and help express hereditary information?
Which class of molecules store, transmit, and help express hereditary information?
Which class of molecules is shown as a molecular model of alcohol dehydrogenase in the text?
Which class of molecules is shown as a molecular model of alcohol dehydrogenase in the text?
Which class of molecules are a source of energy and provide structural support?
Which class of molecules are a source of energy and provide structural support?
Which class of molecules has transformed biological inquiry and applications according to the text?
Which class of molecules has transformed biological inquiry and applications according to the text?
Which class of molecules are polymers built from monomers?
Which class of molecules are polymers built from monomers?
Which class of molecules serve as fuel and building material?
Which class of molecules serve as fuel and building material?
What does the free-energy change of a reaction tell us?
What does the free-energy change of a reaction tell us?
How does ATP power cellular work?
How does ATP power cellular work?
How do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?
How do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?
What do the laws of thermodynamics relate to in biological processes?
What do the laws of thermodynamics relate to in biological processes?
What is the role of bioluminescence in the context of metabolic activities?
What is the role of bioluminescence in the context of metabolic activities?
How does the regulation of enzyme activity contribute to controlling metabolism?
How does the regulation of enzyme activity contribute to controlling metabolism?
According to the first law of thermodynamics, which of the following statements is true?
According to the first law of thermodynamics, which of the following statements is true?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What happens to some of the energy during energy transformation?
What happens to some of the energy during energy transformation?
What is the system and surroundings in the context of thermodynamics?
What is the system and surroundings in the context of thermodynamics?
What is the study of energy transformations in matter called?
What is the study of energy transformations in matter called?
What is the role of organisms in energy transformation?
What is the role of organisms in energy transformation?
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions?
What is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions?
Which type of pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules?
Which type of pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules?
What is the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction?
What is the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction?
Which law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe?
Which law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe?
What is the study of how energy flows through living organisms called?
What is the study of how energy flows through living organisms called?
Which of the following best explains the concept of entropy?
Which of the following best explains the concept of entropy?
How do living systems contribute to the entropy of their surroundings?
How do living systems contribute to the entropy of their surroundings?
What is the relationship between biological order and the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the relationship between biological order and the second law of thermodynamics?
How do biological processes contribute to the increase in entropy?
How do biological processes contribute to the increase in entropy?
Which process is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics?
Which process is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics?
What is the significance of Gibbs free energy in thermodynamics?
What is the significance of Gibbs free energy in thermodynamics?
What does a negative ΔG value indicate for a chemical reaction?
What does a negative ΔG value indicate for a chemical reaction?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the equation to calculate the free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction?
What is the equation to calculate the free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction?
What is the significance of a chemical reaction having a positive ΔG value?
What is the significance of a chemical reaction having a positive ΔG value?
What is the state of systems at equilibrium in terms of free energy?
What is the state of systems at equilibrium in terms of free energy?
How are exergonic reactions classified based on their free-energy changes?
How are exergonic reactions classified based on their free-energy changes?
What is the role of catabolic pathways in metabolism?
What is the role of catabolic pathways in metabolism?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions?
What is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions?
What is the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction?
What is the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction?
What is the study of how energy flows through living organisms called?
What is the study of how energy flows through living organisms called?
What is the capacity to cause change and exists in various forms, including kinetic, thermal, light, and potential energy?
What is the capacity to cause change and exists in various forms, including kinetic, thermal, light, and potential energy?
Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular work?
Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cellular work?
How do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?
How do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?
What does the free-energy change of a reaction tell us?
What does the free-energy change of a reaction tell us?
How do the laws of thermodynamics relate to biological processes?
How do the laws of thermodynamics relate to biological processes?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics in biological systems?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics in biological systems?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
Which of the following best explains the concept of entropy?
Which of the following best explains the concept of entropy?
What does a negative ΔG value indicate for a chemical reaction?
What does a negative ΔG value indicate for a chemical reaction?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the study of energy transformations in matter called?
What is the study of energy transformations in matter called?
Which class of reactions occur spontaneously due to the release of free energy?
Which class of reactions occur spontaneously due to the release of free energy?
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the significance of a chemical reaction having a positive ΔG value?
What is the significance of a chemical reaction having a positive ΔG value?
What happens to some of the energy during energy transformation?
What happens to some of the energy during energy transformation?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the equation to calculate the free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction?
What is the equation to calculate the free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction?
Which of the following best explains the concept of entropy?
Which of the following best explains the concept of entropy?
What is the significance of a chemical reaction having a positive $\Delta G$ value?
What is the significance of a chemical reaction having a positive $\Delta G$ value?
What is the relationship between biological order and the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the relationship between biological order and the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the role of organisms in energy transformation?
What is the role of organisms in energy transformation?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the study of how energy flows through living organisms called?
What is the study of how energy flows through living organisms called?
What does the free-energy change of a reaction tell us?
What does the free-energy change of a reaction tell us?
How do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?
How do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics in biological systems?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics in biological systems?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the equation to calculate the free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction?
What is the equation to calculate the free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction?
How does ATP power cellular work?
How does ATP power cellular work?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the study of energy transformations in matter called?
What is the study of energy transformations in matter called?
What does a negative $\Delta G$ value indicate for a chemical reaction?
What does a negative $\Delta G$ value indicate for a chemical reaction?
How is thermal energy put to work in a living cell?
How is thermal energy put to work in a living cell?
What is the relationship between biological order and the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the relationship between biological order and the second law of thermodynamics?
What happens to some of the energy during energy transformation?
What happens to some of the energy during energy transformation?
What is the role of anabolic pathways in metabolism?
What is the role of anabolic pathways in metabolism?
Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics?
Which of the following best describes the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics in biological systems?
What is the main implication of the second law of thermodynamics in biological systems?
What is the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction, high in complex molecules like glucose?
What is the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction, high in complex molecules like glucose?
What are metabolic pathways?
What are metabolic pathways?
What is the study of how energy flows through living organisms called?
What is the study of how energy flows through living organisms called?
Which of the following best describes the role of living systems in relation to entropy?
Which of the following best describes the role of living systems in relation to entropy?
Which of the following is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics?
Which of the following is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the relationship between biological order and the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the relationship between biological order and the second law of thermodynamics?
What is the concept of entropy best illustrated by?
What is the concept of entropy best illustrated by?
What contributes to the overall increase in entropy in ecosystems?
What contributes to the overall increase in entropy in ecosystems?
What is the function of Gibbs free energy in thermodynamics?
What is the function of Gibbs free energy in thermodynamics?
What does a negative ΔG value for a chemical reaction indicate?
What does a negative ΔG value for a chemical reaction indicate?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the relationship between free energy and a system's instability?
What is the equation to calculate the free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction?
What is the equation to calculate the free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction?
What is the main implication of a chemical reaction having a positive ΔG value?
What is the main implication of a chemical reaction having a positive ΔG value?
What does the ΔG value depend on?
What does the ΔG value depend on?
What is the significance of understanding free energy in the study of metabolism?
What is the significance of understanding free energy in the study of metabolism?
Which type of research involves measuring associations between events?
Which type of research involves measuring associations between events?
What is the main focus of ethical standards in animal research?
What is the main focus of ethical standards in animal research?
What is the primary goal of critical thinking in science and everyday life?
What is the primary goal of critical thinking in science and everyday life?
What is a confounding variable in research?
What is a confounding variable in research?
What is the preferred approach of scientists to understanding behavior?
What is the preferred approach of scientists to understanding behavior?
What is the essence of science according to the text?
What is the essence of science according to the text?
What do good theories do according to the text?
What do good theories do according to the text?
What do scientists aim to do through theory development?
What do scientists aim to do through theory development?
What must variables be capable of for scientific study?
What must variables be capable of for scientific study?
What is the main limitation of hindsight reasoning according to the text?
What is the main limitation of hindsight reasoning according to the text?
What increases confidence in a theory according to the text?
What increases confidence in a theory according to the text?
What is the aim of understanding through prediction, control, and theory building?
What is the aim of understanding through prediction, control, and theory building?
What is the role of scientists in defining variables?
What is the role of scientists in defining variables?
What is the scientific alternative to hindsight reasoning?
What is the scientific alternative to hindsight reasoning?
What is the preferred approach of scientists to understanding behavior?
What is the preferred approach of scientists to understanding behavior?
What is the aim of understanding through prediction, control, and theory building?
What is the aim of understanding through prediction, control, and theory building?
What do psychologists use operational definitions for?
What do psychologists use operational definitions for?
Why is measurement in psychology challenging?
Why is measurement in psychology challenging?
What is the purpose of self-report measures?
What is the purpose of self-report measures?
How does the accuracy of self-report measures depend?
How does the accuracy of self-report measures depend?
What can yield a more complete picture in measuring stress and academic performance?
What can yield a more complete picture in measuring stress and academic performance?
What techniques do psychologists use to measure behavior?
What techniques do psychologists use to measure behavior?
When is unobtrusive measurement used?
When is unobtrusive measurement used?
How can researchers minimize social desirability bias in self-reports?
How can researchers minimize social desirability bias in self-reports?
What does the Over-Claiming Questionnaire (OCQ) measure?
What does the Over-Claiming Questionnaire (OCQ) measure?
When is social desirability bias high?
When is social desirability bias high?
What is the role of operational definitions in psychology?
What is the role of operational definitions in psychology?
How do psychologists measure behavior?
How do psychologists measure behavior?
What is the process of publishing research crucial for?
What is the process of publishing research crucial for?
Which step involves gathering information, forming hypotheses, and conducting research to test the hypotheses?
Which step involves gathering information, forming hypotheses, and conducting research to test the hypotheses?
What do scientists use theories to do?
What do scientists use theories to do?
What did Darley and Latané propose reduced the likelihood of intervention by any one bystander in emergencies?
What did Darley and Latané propose reduced the likelihood of intervention by any one bystander in emergencies?
What psychological puzzle does the chapter explore?
What psychological puzzle does the chapter explore?
What did psychology professors Darley and Latané reason about the presence of multiple bystanders?
What did psychology professors Darley and Latané reason about the presence of multiple bystanders?
What are the driving forces behind scientific inquiry, according to the text?
What are the driving forces behind scientific inquiry, according to the text?
What is the approach to asking and answering questions about the universe around us, distinguishing science from other approaches?
What is the approach to asking and answering questions about the universe around us, distinguishing science from other approaches?
Why did psychologists take longer to adopt the scientific method for behavioral science?
Why did psychologists take longer to adopt the scientific method for behavioral science?
What are the steps in the scientific process, according to the text?
What are the steps in the scientific process, according to the text?
What did Darley and Latané's research illustrate?
What did Darley and Latané's research illustrate?
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Study Notes
Understanding Free Energy and Its Role in Biochemical Reactions
- Free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction can be calculated using the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔH is the change in enthalpy, ΔS is the change in entropy, and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin.
- ΔG value is dependent on conditions such as pH, temperature, and concentrations of reactants and products.
- Processes with a negative ΔG are spontaneous, and only these processes are observed in nature.
- Spontaneous processes result in a decrease in the system's free energy, which can be harnessed by the cell to perform work.
- ΔG represents the difference between the free energy of the final and initial states, and a negative ΔG indicates a loss of free energy and increased stability in the final state.
- Free energy serves as a measure of a system's instability and tendency to change to a more stable state.
- Equilibrium is a state of maximum stability, and systems at equilibrium have the lowest possible free energy.
- Systems never spontaneously move away from equilibrium, and a system at equilibrium cannot perform work.
- Chemical reactions are classified as exergonic (release of free energy) or endergonic (absorption of free energy) based on their free-energy changes.
- Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously due to the release of free energy.
- Free energy is harnessed to perform work in spontaneous changes, such as gravitational motion and diffusion.
- Understanding free energy is crucial in the study of metabolism to determine which reactions can supply energy for cellular work.
Understanding Entropy and Biological Order
- Entropy refers to the increase in disorder in a system, illustrated by the decay of an unmaintained building over time.
- The concept of entropy helps explain energetically favorable processes and spontaneous vs. nonspontaneous processes.
- Living systems increase the entropy of their surroundings, as predicted by thermodynamic law.
- Despite increasing entropy, cells create ordered structures from less organized starting materials through various biological processes.
- Energy flows into ecosystems in the form of light and exits as heat, contributing to the overall increase in entropy.
- The increase in biological order over time does not violate the second law of thermodynamics; organisms are islands of low entropy in an increasingly random universe.
- The physical disintegration of a system’s organized structure is a good analogy for an increase in entropy.
- Biological processes convert chemical energy to kinetic energy, increasing disorder by producing heat and less ordered forms of matter.
- Some spontaneous processes, such as an explosion, may be virtually instantaneous, while others, such as the rusting of an old car over time, are much slower.
- The depletion of chemical energy in organisms is accounted for by heat generated during metabolism.
- The evolution of biological order is consistent with the laws of thermodynamics.
- Gibbs free energy, symbolized by G, is a useful function that measures the portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Understanding Free Energy and Its Role in Biochemical Reactions
- Free-energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction can be calculated using the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔH is the change in enthalpy, ΔS is the change in entropy, and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin.
- ΔG value is dependent on conditions such as pH, temperature, and concentrations of reactants and products.
- Processes with a negative ΔG are spontaneous, and only these processes are observed in nature.
- Spontaneous processes result in a decrease in the system's free energy, which can be harnessed by the cell to perform work.
- ΔG represents the difference between the free energy of the final and initial states, and a negative ΔG indicates a loss of free energy and increased stability in the final state.
- Free energy serves as a measure of a system's instability and tendency to change to a more stable state.
- Equilibrium is a state of maximum stability, and systems at equilibrium have the lowest possible free energy.
- Systems never spontaneously move away from equilibrium, and a system at equilibrium cannot perform work.
- Chemical reactions are classified as exergonic (release of free energy) or endergonic (absorption of free energy) based on their free-energy changes.
- Exergonic reactions occur spontaneously due to the release of free energy.
- Free energy is harnessed to perform work in spontaneous changes, such as gravitational motion and diffusion.
- Understanding free energy is crucial in the study of metabolism to determine which reactions can supply energy for cellular work.
Bystander Intervention and Scientific Inquiry
- Katerine, a 17-year-old Canadian girl, was severely beaten and left half-naked in a Montreal parking lot on May 12, 2001, and remained in a coma for hours, ignored by pedestrians and employees at a nearby call center.
- The call center employees were told not to assist Katerine by their supervisor, and she remained in a coma for months with no bystander assistance.
- The chapter explores the psychological puzzle of bystander intervention and questions why bystanders sometimes fail to intervene, even when there is little personal risk involved.
- The scientific method is an approach to asking and answering questions about the universe around us, distinguishing science from other approaches such as reason, intuition, and common sense.
- Psychologists took longer to adopt the scientific method for behavioral science due to the intangible nature of the subject matter, compared to the physical sciences.
- Curiosity, skepticism, and open-mindedness are driving forces behind scientific inquiry, and scientists must remain open-minded to conclusions supported by facts, even if they refute their beliefs.
- Following the Kitty Genovese murder, psychology professors Darley and Latané investigated the bystander apathy explanation and reasoned that the presence of multiple bystanders produced a diffusion of responsibility, decreasing personal responsibility for intervening.
- The scientific process involves identifying a question of interest, gathering information and forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis by conducting research, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions.
- Darley and Latané's research illustrates the basic steps of the scientific process, examining bystander intervention and factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of bystanders intervening.
- The steps in the scientific process involve identifying a question of interest, gathering information and forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis by conducting research, and analyzing the data to draw conclusions.
- The scientific process involves identifying a question of interest, gathering information and forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis by conducting research, analyzing the data, and drawing conclusions.
- Darley and Latané's research illustrates the basic steps of the scientific process, examining bystander intervention and factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of bystanders intervening.
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