Biological Molecules and Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are classified as organic biomolecules?

  • Minerals
  • Proteins (correct)
  • Lipids (correct)
  • Water

    • What type of bond links monosaccharides together in carbohydrates?

  • Hydrogen bond
  • Peptide bond
  • Ionic bond
  • Covalent bond (correct)

    • Which of these is classified as a disaccharide?

  • Sucrose (correct)
  • Glucose
  • Cellulose
  • Starch

    • Which description accurately defines aldoses and ketoses?

    <p>Aldoses are reducing sugars, while ketoses are non-reducing sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living cells?

    <p>To act as an important source of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are polysaccharides formed?

    <p>By linking multiple monosaccharides together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding glucose?

    <p>Glucose concentration in blood is approximately 1 g/dm³.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a form of energy storage in carbohydrates?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sugar is produced when galactose reacts with glucose?

    <p>Lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about fructose?

    <p>Fructose is a ketose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process releases energy during the breakdown of disaccharides?

    <p>Hydrolysis reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disaccharides is classified as a non-reducing sugar?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms between two monosaccharides during condensation reactions?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are polysaccharides primarily used for in cells?

    <p>Long-term energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the structure of amylose?

    <p>Unbranched and coiled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of polysaccharides called?

    <p>Monomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes brown fat cells from white fat cells?

    <p>Brown fat cells store smaller and multiple lipid droplets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid includes triacylglycerol and cholesterol?

    <p>Polar lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is associated with unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>Presence of double bonds in the carbon chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

    <p>The sequence of amino acids in the chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipid is typically found in cell membranes?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do double bonds in fatty acid tails play?

    <p>Increase solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of a protein is primarily stabilized by hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Secondary Structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about saturated fats is incorrect?

    <p>They are liquid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural role of cellulose in plants?

    <p>Cell wall component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does glycogen differ from amylopectin?

    <p>Glycogen has shorter distances between branching side-chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about lipids is correct?

    <p>Triglycerides are classified as fats or oils based on their state at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do carbohydrates generally play in an organism's diet?

    <p>They are the most abundant organic molecules in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipids in living organisms?

    <p>To store energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fat cell is primarily responsible for storing energy in the body?

    <p>Adipocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What digestive capability do herbivores possess regarding cellulose?

    <p>They produce cellulase to help digest cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes amylopectin?

    <p>It is a branched polymer of α-glucose and is insoluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vitamin cannot be stored in the body and must be consumed regularly?

    <p>Water-soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of water molecules that contributes to their role as a solvent?

    <p>They have an unequal distribution of charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is essential for the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of biological macromolecule is formed through the joining of amino acids?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do monosaccharides undergo to form polysaccharides?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of biological macromolecule?

    <p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of minerals in the body?

    <p>Building material and metabolic functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of plants is magnesium primarily associated with?

    <p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Molecules

    • Biological molecules are essential for life, and are broadly categorized as organic and inorganic.
    • Organic biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
    • Inorganic biomolecules include water and minerals.

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
    • They are an important source of energy, provide structural cell support, and facilitate cell communication.
    • Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of sugar units they contain:
      • Monosaccharides: Single sugar unit (e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose)
      • Disaccharides: Two sugar units linked by a glycosidic bond (e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose)
      • Polysaccharides: Many sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds (e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose)

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are simple sugars with multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups.
    • Classified based on the number of carbons: triose (3C), tetrose (4C), pentose (5C), hexose (6C).
    • Aldoses contain an aldehyde group and are reducing sugars.
    • Ketoses contain a ketone group and are non-reducing sugars.

    Glucose

    • The primary fuel source for human cells.
    • Concentration in blood is about 1 gram per cubic decimeter.
    • Two glucose molecules react to form maltose (a disaccharide).
    • Starch and cellulose are polysaccharides composed of glucose units.

    Galactose

    • Reacts with glucose to form lactose (a disaccharide).
    • Cannot be used in respiration like glucose.

    Fructose

    • A hexose sugar.
    • Reacts with glucose to form sucrose (a disaccharide).

    Ribose and Deoxyribose

    • Both are pentose sugars.
    • Ribose is part of RNA nucleotides.
    • Deoxyribose is part of DNA nucleotides.

    Disaccharides

    • Two monosaccharides react to form disaccharides.
    • Disaccharides are soluble in water but too large to pass through cell membranes via diffusion.
    • They are broken down in the small intestine during digestion to form smaller monosaccharides that can pass into the blood and into cells.

    Hydrolysis Reaction

    • The reverse of a condensation reaction.
    • Releases energy.

    Condensation Reaction

    • Releases water and requires energy.
    • Forms a glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides.

    Polysaccharides

    • Monosaccharides can undergo condensation reactions to form long chains of sugar units called polysaccharides.
    • Important for energy storage and structure.

    Starch

    • Stored energy in plants.
    • Exists in two forms:
      • Amylose: Unbranched polymer of α-glucose, coils into a helical structure, forms a colloidal suspension in hot water.
      • Amylopectin: Branched polymer of α-glucose, completely insoluble in water.

    Glycogen

    • A branched polymer of α-glucose, very similar to amylopectin.
    • Acts as a carbohydrate energy store in humans.

    Cellulose

    • A polysaccharide composed of glucose units.
    • Provides structural support for plant cell walls.
    • Humans can’t digest cellulose due to lack of cellulase enzyme.
    • Herbivores have cellulase enzymes in their stomachs which allows them to digest it.

    Lipids

    • A diverse group of molecules including fats, oils, waxes, and some steroids.
    • Esters formed from fatty acids and alcohols (glycerol or alcohol chains).
    • Primarily act as energy storage molecules.
    • Triglycerides are fats if solid at room temperature and oils if liquid.
    • Stored in fat cells (adipocytes), responsible for fat and lipid storage in animals.

    Lipids: Properties

    • Insoluble in water.
    • Longer chains increase hydrophobicity and decrease solubility.
    • Melting points are influenced by chain length and saturation, with unsaturated fats having lower melting points.

    Importance of Lipids

    • Main component of cell membranes (phospholipids).
    • Heat and water insulation.
    • Energy storage, protection, and cellular communication.

    Proteins

    • Made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
    • 20 different amino acids, with proteins having unique combinations of these.

    Protein Structure

    • Primary Structure: Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Directed by genetic information.
    • Secondary Structure: Local three-dimensional structure of a protein chain, formed by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms.
    • Tertiary Structure: Overall three-dimensional shape of a protein, determined by interactions between R-groups.

    Vitamins

    • Many cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet.
    • Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the liver and fatty tissues.
    • Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored and need to be consumed regularly.

    Water

    • Composed of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.
    • Essential for life, existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states.
    • Excellent solvent, allowing transportation of various substances.
    • Polar molecule with unequal distribution of charges.

    Minerals

    • Inorganic compounds essential for building materials and metabolic functions.
    • Iron is needed for hemoglobin synthesis, transporting oxygen in red blood cells.
    • Calcium is important for bone formation and muscle and nerve function.
    • Magnesium is a component of chlorophyll involved in photosynthesis.

    Summary of Biological Molecules

    • Carbon compounds are the building blocks of life.
    • Large polymers are formed by joining smaller monomers.
    • Four main types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
    • Monosaccharides are linked by glycosidic bonds to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.
    • Peptide bonds join amino acids to form proteins.
    • Lipids are esters of fatty acids and alcohols.

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