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Questions and Answers
What is a potential warning of a biological hazard problem?
Which of the following is a way in which a bite or sting may cause disease?
What is a common source of gastroenteritis, vomiting, and diarrhea?
Which of the following bacterial illnesses can cause 'traveler's diarrhea'?
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What is a potential consequence of consuming melamine-contaminated food?
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Which of the following is an example of a biological hazard?
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What is a potential consequence of a bite or sting?
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Which of the following can be contracted by eating improperly processed meats?
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What is a common effect of lead poisoning on the nervous system?
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What is a result of asbestos causing inflammation in the lung?
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How can chemicals damage cells in the body?
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What is a symptom of lead poisoning in the digestive tract?
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What is a result of inhaling sulphur dioxide?
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How can lead poisoning be detected?
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What is a result of carbon tetrachloride inhalation?
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What is a toxic effect of lead on the blood?
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What is a consequence of maternal exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy?
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What is a potential complication of substance abuse on the cardiovascular system?
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What is a type of cirrhosis of the liver associated with chronic alcoholism?
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What is a risk factor for hepatitis B and HIV in drug abusers?
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What is a potential effect of substance abuse on the central nervous system?
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What is a necessary step in treating a person suffering from an overdose or toxic effect?
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What is a potential consequence of cocaine use during pregnancy?
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What is a necessary component of treatment for substance abuse?
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Study Notes
Biological Hazards
- Biological hazards refer to living organisms or substances that pose a threat to human health
- Examples include:
- Bites and stings
- Food and waterborne hazards
Bites and Stings
- Three ways in which bites and stings can cause disease:
- Direct injection of animal toxin into the human body
- Transmission of infectious agents through animal or insect vectors
- Allergic reaction to a substance in the bite or insect secretion
Food and Waterborne Hazards
- Contaminated food and water can cause:
- Gastroenteritis
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Examples of foodborne bacterial illnesses:
- Escherichia coli
- Salmonella
- Listeria
- Shigella
- Melamine, a plastic added to food and milk, can cause:
- Acute renal failure
- Death
Substance Abuse
- Cocaine can cause:
- Maternal hypertension
- Decreased placental blood supply to the fetus
- Developmental defects
- Premature birth
- Cigarette smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke can cause:
- Decreased blood flow to the placenta
- Increased risk of stillbirths
- Low birth weight
- Increased irritability in infants
- Consequences of substance abuse:
- Dependency and addiction
- Cardiovascular problems
- CNS damage
- Infection, liver disease, and malnutrition
- Potential complications:
- Irregular heartbeat
- Increased blood pressure
- Heart attacks
- Strokes
- Heart failure
- Dehydration
- Electrolyte imbalances
- Cardiac arrest
- Brain damage
- Impaired memory and judgment
Treatment for Substance Abuse
- Treatment should be immediate in an emergency room
- Withdrawal should be handled in a medical facility
- Supportive care is necessary to prevent complications
- Psychiatric intervention and family support services may be required
- Secondary medical problems, such as cirrhosis or pregnancy, require medical supervision
Environmental Hazards, Chemicals
- Chemicals can cause:
- Tissue damage
- Cellular mutations leading to cancer
- Damage to the cell membrane
- Alteration or interference in cellular metabolic pathways
- Examples of chemicals:
- Heavy metals (lead)
- Inhalants (asbestos, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide)
- Pesticides
- Acids and bases
Chemical Hazards, Heavy Metals, Lead
- Four toxic effects of lead:
- Hemolytic anemia
- Inflammation and/or ulceration of the digestive tract
- Inflammation of the kidney tubules
- Damage to the nervous system (neuritis, encephalopathy, seizures, convulsions, delayed development, and intellectual impairment)
- Lead poisoning can be detected by lead lines in bones and gums
Chemical Hazards, Inhalants
- Inhalants can cause:
- Local irritation of the eyes and nose
- Inflammation of the respiratory mucosa and lung tissues
- Absorption through the circulation causing inflammation of the liver cells and irreversible hepatic damage
- Pneumonitis (carbon tetrachloride)
- Asbestos can cause lung damage by:
- Causing inflammation, resulting in fibrosis in the lung
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Description
Learn about biological hazards, including living organisms that pose a threat to human health, and their effects such as bites, stings, and food and waterborne hazards.
