Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

<p>Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By both direct and indirect effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of free radicals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iodine-131 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intake that results in a specific dose equivalent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their developing organs are more susceptible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doubles the incidence of mutations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases with increasing age at exposure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-15% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Younger individuals are significantly more sensitive than older adults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Background radiation level at sea level outdoors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deterministic effects are immediate and associated with high doses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4 Sv for younger females (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doses above 10 Gy result in the peeling of the epidermis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer induction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are radioresistant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are dose-dependent with increased probability at higher doses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X-rays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Base modification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cell death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100mGy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dicentrics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutritional status (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low-dose radiation delivered slowly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow cell recovery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct and indirect damage to DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cataracts can occur 2-3 years after radiation exposure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The embryo is most sensitive to radiation in the first trimester. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effects that occur within permissible radiation limits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cataract formation occurring years after exposure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No excess cancer risk has been observed among these individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3-5 years after exposure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow, female breast, lungs, and thyroid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrons are more efficient in inducing cataracts than X-rays. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 mSv (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prenatal death and malformations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fundamental unit of life in organisms, containing organelles.

The organelle in a cell that contains DNA and controls cell activities.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, the genetic material of cells, stored in the nucleus.

Radiation damage resulting from direct interaction with DNA molecules.

Radiation damage caused by interaction with water molecules, producing free radicals.

Highly reactive molecules produced when radiation interacts with water, potentially damaging DNA.

The maximum amount of a radionuclide intake permissible without exceeding dose limits.

The process by which cells develop into specialized types with specific functions.

Tumors that typically appear after 10 years, increasing with age.

Children are more sensitive to leukemia and thyroid cancers than adults.

Females are more sensitive to breast cancer than males.

Carcinogenesis risk decreases as age at exposure increases.

Natural incidence of genetic disorders is 10-20% at birth.

1 Gy of radiation doubles the incidence of mutations, increasing risk by 10-15%.

Current levels of occupational exposure to radiation are considered safe.

Children are particularly sensitive to radiation exposure, impacting the thyroid and breasts during adolescence.

Acute doses over 500 mSv or chronic doses over 1000 mSv can lead to cataracts in the eye lens.

Cataracts typically develop 2-3 years after radiation exposure.

Neutrons are more effective than X-rays in inducing cataracts in the eye lens.

Late effects include skin fibrosis, lung damage, and kidney damage, appearing years after exposure.

The embryo is particularly sensitive to radiation, especially in the first trimester.

The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends a dose limit of 2 mSv to the fetus during pregnancy.

Stochastic effects include cancer and genetic changes occurring from permissible radiation exposure levels.

Carcinogenesis is the process leading to cancer development, often related to radiation exposure.

Radiogenic cancers can develop in organs like bone marrow, lungs, and thyroid after a latent period following exposure.

Effects that manifest in future generations due to reproductive cell exposure.

Result from large doses of radiation, causing significant cell death and organ damage.

Effects like cancer that may occur at low doses; probability increases with higher doses.

Illness resulting from whole-body radiation exposure exceeding 1 Sv with various symptoms.

Lethal dose that kills 50% of exposed individuals within 60 days.

Low doses cause redness and hair loss; high doses lead to serious skin damage.

Radiation can kill lymphocytes and bone marrow precursor cells at certain doses.

Exposure can lead to temporary or permanent sterility; varying doses affect sexes differently.

Results in symptoms such as nausea and vomiting when doses exceed 1 Sv.

Endocrine glands in adults are generally resistant to radiation damage.

Damage done to biological material due to radiation.

Different kinds of radiation, such as alpha, beta, or gamma waves.

The amount of radiation delivered per unit of time.

Division of total radiation dose into smaller doses over time.

The way radiation damages cells, such as direct or indirect damage.

Alterations in chromosome structure due to radiation.

Radiation-caused damage that leads to cell death.

Non-lethal changes to genetic material that can be passed on.

Effects of radiation that appear in the exposed individual.

Elements like type of radiation, dose rate, and cell type that affect damage severity.