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Questions and Answers
What is the main reason why lymphocytes are the most sensitive to radiation?
What is the main reason why lymphocytes are the most sensitive to radiation?
- They are not regenerating as quickly
- They are the only cells that can reproduce
- They are the largest cells in the body
- They are constantly regenerating (correct)
What happens to cells that are damaged by radiation but can still reproduce?
What happens to cells that are damaged by radiation but can still reproduce?
- They stop reproducing
- They become mutated and reproduce (correct)
- They die immediately
- They completely repair the damage
Which of the following organs is the least sensitive to radiation?
Which of the following organs is the least sensitive to radiation?
- Blood-forming organs
- Skin
- Reproductive and gastrointestinal tract organs
- Muscle and brain (correct)
What is the result of severe radiation damage to cells?
What is the result of severe radiation damage to cells?
What is the correlation between the sensitivity of organs and cells?
What is the correlation between the sensitivity of organs and cells?
What is the name of the process by which cells can repair radiation damage?
What is the name of the process by which cells can repair radiation damage?
What is the potential outcome of a mutated cell reproducing?
What is the potential outcome of a mutated cell reproducing?
How are the biological effects of radiation typically divided?
How are the biological effects of radiation typically divided?
What is the main difference between high doses and low doses of radiation?
What is the main difference between high doses and low doses of radiation?
What might occur when tissues and organs are damaged due to high doses of radiation?
What might occur when tissues and organs are damaged due to high doses of radiation?
What is the effect of low doses of radiation spread out over long periods of time on body organs?
What is the effect of low doses of radiation spread out over long periods of time on body organs?
What is the effect of high doses of radiation on cells?
What is the effect of high doses of radiation on cells?
What is the effect of low doses of radiation on cells?
What is the effect of low doses of radiation on cells?
At what dose of radiation (in Rad) do blood count changes occur in an individual?
At what dose of radiation (in Rad) do blood count changes occur in an individual?
At what dose of radiation (in Rad) does vomiting occur?
At what dose of radiation (in Rad) does vomiting occur?
What is the term for the dose of radiation that would be fatal to 50% of the population within 60 days?
What is the term for the dose of radiation that would be fatal to 50% of the population within 60 days?
What is the threshold value in the table?
What is the threshold value in the table?
What is the main reason why some people die while others survive after being exposed to the same radiation dose?
What is the main reason why some people die while others survive after being exposed to the same radiation dose?
What is the effect of radiation on the skin that requires a dose in excess of 1,200 rad?
What is the effect of radiation on the skin that requires a dose in excess of 1,200 rad?
What is the dose required for red-haired loss to occur?
What is the dose required for red-haired loss to occur?
What is the effect of radiation that appears to have a threshold of about 200 rad?
What is the effect of radiation that appears to have a threshold of about 200 rad?
What is the dose required to produce permanent sterility in males?
What is the dose required to produce permanent sterility in males?
What is the effect of radiation that is more likely to occur with exposure to low energy gamma-ray, or beta radiation?
What is the effect of radiation that is more likely to occur with exposure to low energy gamma-ray, or beta radiation?
What is the term for the lethal dose at which 50% of those exposed to that dose will die within 60 days?
What is the term for the lethal dose at which 50% of those exposed to that dose will die within 60 days?
What is the primary source of biological effects caused by radiation?
What is the primary source of biological effects caused by radiation?
What is the term used to describe the effect of radiation on the DNA molecule or other critical cellular components?
What is the term used to describe the effect of radiation on the DNA molecule or other critical cellular components?
What makes up the majority of a cell's volume?
What makes up the majority of a cell's volume?
What is the ultimate outcome of radiation interacting with the DNA molecule or critical cellular components?
What is the ultimate outcome of radiation interacting with the DNA molecule or critical cellular components?
What is the probability of radiation interacting with the DNA molecule?
What is the probability of radiation interacting with the DNA molecule?
What is the term used to describe the effect of radiation on cellular components other than DNA molecules?
What is the term used to describe the effect of radiation on cellular components other than DNA molecules?
What is the primary mechanism by which radiation affects cells?
What is the primary mechanism by which radiation affects cells?
What is the ultimate outcome of radiation interaction with atoms?
What is the ultimate outcome of radiation interaction with atoms?
Why are neutrons effective in producing cataracts?
Why are neutrons effective in producing cataracts?
What is the primary result of the Somatic effect of radiation exposure?
What is the primary result of the Somatic effect of radiation exposure?
Which category of effects of radiation exposure is suffered by the offspring of the individual exposed?
Which category of effects of radiation exposure is suffered by the offspring of the individual exposed?
What is the In-Utero effect of radiation exposure?
What is the In-Utero effect of radiation exposure?
How many categories of effects are resulting from exposure to low doses of radiation?
How many categories of effects are resulting from exposure to low doses of radiation?
What is the primary difference between the Genetic and Somatic effects of radiation exposure?
What is the primary difference between the Genetic and Somatic effects of radiation exposure?
Study Notes
Types of Cellular Damage due to Radiation
- Radiation causes ionizations of atoms, which may affect molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and the whole body.
- There are two mechanisms by which radiation ultimately affects cells: direct and indirect effects.
Direct Effect
- Radiation interacts with the atoms of the DNA molecule or some other cellular component critical to the survival of the cell.
- Such interaction may affect the ability of the cell to reproduce and survive.
- If enough atoms are affected, the cell may be destroyed by "direct" interference with its life-sustaining system.
Indirect Effect
- Radiation interacts with the water that makes up most of the cell's volume.
- This interaction can lead to the formation of free radicals, which can damage the cell's DNA and other components.
Cell Sensitivity
- Lymphocytes (white blood cells) and cells that produce blood are constantly regenerating and are the most sensitive to radiation.
- Reproductive and gastrointestinal cells are not regenerating as quickly and are less sensitive.
- Nerve and muscle cells are the slowest to regenerate and are the least sensitive cells.
Repair Damage
- Cells have a tremendous ability to repair damage.
- Not all radiation effects are irreversible.
- In many instances, cells are able to completely repair any damage and function normally.
Organ Sensitivity
- The sensitivity of organs to radiation correlates with the relative sensitivity of the cells from which they are composed.
- The order of organ sensitivity from most sensitive to least sensitive is:
- Blood-forming organs
- Reproductive and gastrointestinal tract organs
- Skin
- Muscle and brain
Radiation Effects
- Biological effects of radiation are typically divided into two categories:
- High doses (acute) over short periods of time, producing short-term effects.
- Low doses (chronic) over an extended period of time, producing long-term effects.
High Dose Effects
- High doses can kill cells, leading to tissue and organ damage.
- Acute radiation syndrome (ARS) can occur, causing a rapid whole-body response.
- Effects of high doses include:
- Blood count changes
- Vomiting
- Death
- Skin burns
- Hair loss
- Sterility
- Cataracts
Low Dose Effects
- Low doses can damage or change cells, leading to genetic, somatic, or in-utero effects.
- Categories of effects of exposure to low doses of radiation include:
- Genetic: effects suffered by the offspring of the individual exposed.
- Somatic: effects primarily suffered by the individual exposed, including cancer.
- In-utero: effects suffered by a developing embryo/fetus, seen after birth.
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Description
Learn about the effects of radiation on cells, including direct and indirect mechanisms, and how it affects molecules, tissues, and organs.
