92 Questions
What is the typical mode of transmission of Enterovirus D68?
Through respiratory droplets, similar to the common cold and flu
What is the estimated percentage of the general population that acquires JC Virus in childhood or adolescence?
70% to 90%
Before the 2014 national outbreak of Enterovirus D68, how many fatalities had been attributed to the virus?
3
What is the estimated percentage of patients that experience severe neurological complications due to Enterovirus D68?
1%
Which of the following groups is most likely to be impacted by Enterovirus D68?
Young children, as well as individuals with a history of asthma and respiratory problems
In what year was the JC Virus first reported?
1958
What is the disease that is similar to polio and associated with Enterovirus D68?
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
What is a characteristic of the demyelinating disease caused by the virus mentioned in the text?
It spares axons and causes loss of myelin
What is the primary route of infection for the virus found in urban sewage?
Contaminated water
What is the mortality rate for yellow fever virus for those who develop severe disease?
20-50%
What is the name of the virus that causes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in humans?
Sin Nombre virus
How is Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) typically acquired?
By direct contact with virus-infected blood, body fluids, organs, or semen
What is the mortality rate for the 1995 Ebola outbreak in Kikwit, Zaire?
79%
What is the current status of the Ebola outbreak mentioned in the text?
It is ongoing in several countries
What is a likely mode of transmission of the Zika virus to numerous Pacific Islands?
Infected air travelers
What is a health problem linked to the Zika virus?
All of the above
In what year did Brazil report nearly 3,000 cases of microcephaly?
2015
What was a significant change in Zika virus cases in the US in 2017?
A decrease in the number of reported cases
What is a recommendation for travelers to Zika areas?
Take scrupulous measures to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes
How long does the Zika virus linger in the blood?
Approximately a week
What is a guideline for men who have recovered from a Zika virus infection?
Abstain from sex for six months if Zika symptoms develop
What is a statement about Zika virus infection and future pregnancies?
There is currently no evidence that Zika virus infection poses a risk of birth defects in future pregnancies
What is a status of Zika virus transmission in the continental United States in 2018 and 2019?
No reports of Zika virus transmission by mosquitoes
What measures are recommended when caring for people infected with Ebola?
Quarantine, barrier-isolation, sterilizing equipment, wearing protective clothing
Which of the following statements accurately describes prions?
Prions are similar to viruses in that they need host cells to survive
What is the distinctive feature of the PrPSc form of the prion protein?
Protease resistant beta-pleated sheet
Where is Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease mainly prevalent?
Europe
What is the probable origin of Mad Cow disease according to the text?
Animal feed contaminated with human skeletal remains
Where was the Zika virus first discovered?
Zika forest in Uganda
When were the first human Zika cases identified?
1952
What is the typical age range when people acquire the JC Virus?
Childhood or adolescence
What is the percentage of patients that experience severe neurological complications due to Enterovirus D68?
1%
What is the disease associated with Enterovirus D68 that is similar to polio?
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
How many fatalities had been attributed to Enterovirus D68 before the 2014 national outbreak?
3
What is the type of virus that Enterovirus D68 is?
Papovavirus
What is the approximate percentage of the general population that acquires the JC Virus?
70-90%
What is the reason for the decrease in Enterovirus D68 cases after 2020?
COVID mitigation
What is the primary characteristic of the demyelinating disease discussed in the text?
Lethal to oligodendrocytes with sparing of axons
What is the significance of the 1927 finding in the context of yellow fever virus?
It was the first human virus to be isolated
What is the consequence of the lack of regular vaccination programs in endemic areas for yellow fever?
An increase in the number of reported cases
What is the significance of the finding of multiple hantaviruses that cause HPS?
It suggests that HPS is caused by multiple viruses with different carriers
What is the characteristic of the severe form of yellow fever?
High fever, jaundice, and bleeding
What is the consequence of the rise of rodent populations for HPS cases?
An increase in HPS cases
What is the significance of the 2013-2022 outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever?
It brought the total number of suspected cases to 28,657
What is the primary characteristic of prions that differentiates them from viruses?
They are highly resistant to sterilization
What is the main difference between PrP and PrPSc?
PrP is alpha-helical, while PrPSc is beta-pleated sheet
What is the likely origin of Mad Cow disease according to the text?
Animal feed contaminated with human skeletal remains
What is the characteristic of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
It is a disease that often presents with psychiatric symptoms
What is the reason for the ban on feeding sheep and cows to other cows in the US and Canada?
To prevent the spread of BSE
What is the name of the disease that is similar to mad cow disease and affects deer and elk?
Chronic wasting disease
When were the first human cases of Zika virus identified?
1952
What health conditions have been linked to the Zika virus according to the text?
Microcephaly
During what months did the mysterious rash-causing illness start spreading across northeastern states in Brazil?
February - April
What was the status of Zika virus transmission in the continental United States in 2018 and 2019?
No reports of mosquito transmission
For how long does Zika virus linger in the blood?
Approximately a week
What is the recommended period of abstinence from sex for a man who has returned from a Zika area without any symptoms?
1 month
When is it safe for a man to resume sexual activity after returning from a Zika area if Zika symptoms do develop?
6 months
What is the CDC's advice on the risk of Zika virus infection causing birth defects in future pregnancies?
No evidence of risk
What is the primary recommendation for pregnant women planning travel in relation to the Zika virus?
Seek advice from a health professional
What is the time frame mentioned for the Zika virus persisting in semen after a man recovers from an infection?
2 weeks
What is the typical impact of Enterovirus D68 on the majority of infected individuals?
Mild cold symptoms
What is the significance of the 2014 national outbreak of Enterovirus D68?
It resulted in a significant increase in reported cases
What is the estimated percentage of the general population that is infected with the JC Virus?
70% to 90%
What is the likely reason for the decrease in Enterovirus D68 cases after 2020?
Implementation of COVID mitigation measures
What is the disease associated with Enterovirus D68 that is characterized by limb paralysis?
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
What is the rate of severe neurological complications in patients infected with Enterovirus D68 compared to polio?
Twice the rate of polio
What is the primary purpose of quarantine in the context of Ebola?
To isolate infected individuals from the general population
What is the significance of the beta-pleated sheet structure in prion proteins?
It makes the protein more resistant to protease digestion
What is the likely origin of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) according to the text?
From animal feed contaminated with human skeletal remains
What is the main difference between PrP and PrPSc?
PrP is a normal cellular protein, while PrPSc is a pathological form
What is the significance of the lymphoid tissues in the context of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
They are the site of prion replication
What is the characteristic of the PrPSc form of the prion protein?
It is a protein that is resistant to protease digestion
What is the significance of the 1947/1948 discovery of the Zika virus?
It was the first discovery of a virus in the Zika forest
What is the primary reason for the incineration of millions of cattle suspected of being infected with BSE?
To prevent the spread of the disease to humans
What is the characteristic of the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) in Europe?
It is a rapidly progressive disease
What is the significance of the practice of feeding sheep and cows to other cows in the context of BSE?
It was banned in the US and Canada until 1997
What health issues have been linked to the Zika virus in the text?
Microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome
When was the JC Virus first reported?
2015
What is the primary mode of transmission of the Zika virus mentioned in the text?
Infected air travelers
What is the estimated duration Zika virus can persist in semen after a man recovers from an infection?
2 weeks
What is the CDC's advice on the risk of Zika virus infection causing birth defects in future pregnancies?
It may pose a risk but no evidence currently supports it
What was the primary characteristic of the first live-attenuated vaccine candidate mentioned in the text?
It fully protected against Zika infection
What characteristic distinguishes the Hantavirus from other viruses mentioned in the text?
Chronic asymptomatic infection of rodents
Which of the following is a potential reason for the increase in yellow fever cases since the 1980s?
Limited availability of insecticides
What was the significance of the first isolation of the Yellow Fever virus in 1927?
Pioneering identification of a human RNA virus
What distinguishes the disease caused by the Yellow Fever virus from other diseases mentioned in the text?
Little inflammatory response but high mortality
Who is mainly responsible for the spread of Ebola in Kikwit according to the text?
Poor hospital conditions
What differentiates Yellow Fever as an AIDS defining illness from other symptoms in the text?
Consideration as a pan-hemispheric endemic disease
What unusual feature of the yellow fever virus helps differentiate it from the Hantavirus?
Direct transmission through aerosolized rodent excreta
What differentiates Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) cases in Kikwit from those in the US?
Higher mortality rates and age of patients
What factor contributes to the unsuccessful nature of the yellow fever virus eradication programs in Africa?
Over-reliance on vaccination without wildlife inclusion
Which feature of Ebola distinguishes its outbreak in Zaire from the ones in Sudan?
Isolation from chimpanzees
Test your knowledge on the newer disease updates related to Enterovirus D68, a respiratory virus that causes mild cold symptoms but is now associated with severe symptoms like limb paralysis and neurological complications. Stay informed about this evolving health concern!
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
