BIOL2700: Enterovirus D68 Disease Updates Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical mode of transmission of Enterovirus D68?

  • Through contaminated food and water
  • Through vector transmission, like mosquito bites
  • Through respiratory droplets, similar to the common cold and flu (correct)
  • Through skin contact

    • What is the estimated percentage of the general population that acquires JC Virus in childhood or adolescence?

  • 90% to 100%
  • 30% to 50%
  • 50% to 70%
  • 70% to 90% (correct)

    • Before the 2014 national outbreak of Enterovirus D68, how many fatalities had been attributed to the virus?

  • 3 (correct)
  • 1
  • 10
  • 20

    • What is the estimated percentage of patients that experience severe neurological complications due to Enterovirus D68?

    <p>1% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is most likely to be impacted by Enterovirus D68?

    <p>Young children, as well as individuals with a history of asthma and respiratory problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year was the JC Virus first reported?

    <p>1958 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease that is similar to polio and associated with Enterovirus D68?

    <p>Acute Flaccid Myelitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the demyelinating disease caused by the virus mentioned in the text?

    <p>It spares axons and causes loss of myelin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of infection for the virus found in urban sewage?

    <p>Contaminated water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate for yellow fever virus for those who develop severe disease?

    <p>20-50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus that causes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in humans?

    <p>Sin Nombre virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) typically acquired?

    <p>By direct contact with virus-infected blood, body fluids, organs, or semen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate for the 1995 Ebola outbreak in Kikwit, Zaire?

    <p>79% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current status of the Ebola outbreak mentioned in the text?

    <p>It is ongoing in several countries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely mode of transmission of the Zika virus to numerous Pacific Islands?

    <p>Infected air travelers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a health problem linked to the Zika virus?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Brazil report nearly 3,000 cases of microcephaly?

    <p>2015 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant change in Zika virus cases in the US in 2017?

    <p>A decrease in the number of reported cases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommendation for travelers to Zika areas?

    <p>Take scrupulous measures to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the Zika virus linger in the blood?

    <p>Approximately a week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a guideline for men who have recovered from a Zika virus infection?

    <p>Abstain from sex for six months if Zika symptoms develop (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a statement about Zika virus infection and future pregnancies?

    <p>There is currently no evidence that Zika virus infection poses a risk of birth defects in future pregnancies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a status of Zika virus transmission in the continental United States in 2018 and 2019?

    <p>No reports of Zika virus transmission by mosquitoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measures are recommended when caring for people infected with Ebola?

    <p>Quarantine, barrier-isolation, sterilizing equipment, wearing protective clothing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes prions?

    <p>Prions are similar to viruses in that they need host cells to survive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinctive feature of the PrPSc form of the prion protein?

    <p>Protease resistant beta-pleated sheet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease mainly prevalent?

    <p>Europe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probable origin of Mad Cow disease according to the text?

    <p>Animal feed contaminated with human skeletal remains (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was the Zika virus first discovered?

    <p>Zika forest in Uganda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were the first human Zika cases identified?

    <p>1952 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical age range when people acquire the JC Virus?

    <p>Childhood or adolescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of patients that experience severe neurological complications due to Enterovirus D68?

    <p>1% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease associated with Enterovirus D68 that is similar to polio?

    <p>Acute Flaccid Myelitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many fatalities had been attributed to Enterovirus D68 before the 2014 national outbreak?

    <p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of virus that Enterovirus D68 is?

    <p>Papovavirus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the general population that acquires the JC Virus?

    <p>70-90% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the decrease in Enterovirus D68 cases after 2020?

    <p>COVID mitigation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the demyelinating disease discussed in the text?

    <p>Lethal to oligodendrocytes with sparing of axons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 1927 finding in the context of yellow fever virus?

    <p>It was the first human virus to be isolated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the lack of regular vaccination programs in endemic areas for yellow fever?

    <p>An increase in the number of reported cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the finding of multiple hantaviruses that cause HPS?

    <p>It suggests that HPS is caused by multiple viruses with different carriers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the severe form of yellow fever?

    <p>High fever, jaundice, and bleeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the rise of rodent populations for HPS cases?

    <p>An increase in HPS cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 2013-2022 outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever?

    <p>It brought the total number of suspected cases to 28,657 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of prions that differentiates them from viruses?

    <p>They are highly resistant to sterilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between PrP and PrPSc?

    <p>PrP is alpha-helical, while PrPSc is beta-pleated sheet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely origin of Mad Cow disease according to the text?

    <p>Animal feed contaminated with human skeletal remains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?

    <p>It is a disease that often presents with psychiatric symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the ban on feeding sheep and cows to other cows in the US and Canada?

    <p>To prevent the spread of BSE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease that is similar to mad cow disease and affects deer and elk?

    <p>Chronic wasting disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When were the first human cases of Zika virus identified?

    <p>1952 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health conditions have been linked to the Zika virus according to the text?

    <p>Microcephaly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what months did the mysterious rash-causing illness start spreading across northeastern states in Brazil?

    <p>February - April (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the status of Zika virus transmission in the continental United States in 2018 and 2019?

    <p>No reports of mosquito transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For how long does Zika virus linger in the blood?

    <p>Approximately a week (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended period of abstinence from sex for a man who has returned from a Zika area without any symptoms?

    <p>1 month (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it safe for a man to resume sexual activity after returning from a Zika area if Zika symptoms do develop?

    <p>6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the CDC's advice on the risk of Zika virus infection causing birth defects in future pregnancies?

    <p>No evidence of risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary recommendation for pregnant women planning travel in relation to the Zika virus?

    <p>Seek advice from a health professional (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame mentioned for the Zika virus persisting in semen after a man recovers from an infection?

    <p>2 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical impact of Enterovirus D68 on the majority of infected individuals?

    <p>Mild cold symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 2014 national outbreak of Enterovirus D68?

    <p>It resulted in a significant increase in reported cases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of the general population that is infected with the JC Virus?

    <p>70% to 90% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely reason for the decrease in Enterovirus D68 cases after 2020?

    <p>Implementation of COVID mitigation measures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease associated with Enterovirus D68 that is characterized by limb paralysis?

    <p>Acute Flaccid Myelitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of severe neurological complications in patients infected with Enterovirus D68 compared to polio?

    <p>Twice the rate of polio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of quarantine in the context of Ebola?

    <p>To isolate infected individuals from the general population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the beta-pleated sheet structure in prion proteins?

    <p>It makes the protein more resistant to protease digestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely origin of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) according to the text?

    <p>From animal feed contaminated with human skeletal remains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between PrP and PrPSc?

    <p>PrP is a normal cellular protein, while PrPSc is a pathological form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the lymphoid tissues in the context of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?

    <p>They are the site of prion replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the PrPSc form of the prion protein?

    <p>It is a protein that is resistant to protease digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 1947/1948 discovery of the Zika virus?

    <p>It was the first discovery of a virus in the Zika forest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the incineration of millions of cattle suspected of being infected with BSE?

    <p>To prevent the spread of the disease to humans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) in Europe?

    <p>It is a rapidly progressive disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the practice of feeding sheep and cows to other cows in the context of BSE?

    <p>It was banned in the US and Canada until 1997 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issues have been linked to the Zika virus in the text?

    <p>Microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the JC Virus first reported?

    <p>2015 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of the Zika virus mentioned in the text?

    <p>Infected air travelers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated duration Zika virus can persist in semen after a man recovers from an infection?

    <p>2 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the CDC's advice on the risk of Zika virus infection causing birth defects in future pregnancies?

    <p>It may pose a risk but no evidence currently supports it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary characteristic of the first live-attenuated vaccine candidate mentioned in the text?

    <p>It fully protected against Zika infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the Hantavirus from other viruses mentioned in the text?

    <p>Chronic asymptomatic infection of rodents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential reason for the increase in yellow fever cases since the 1980s?

    <p>Limited availability of insecticides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the first isolation of the Yellow Fever virus in 1927?

    <p>Pioneering identification of a human RNA virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the disease caused by the Yellow Fever virus from other diseases mentioned in the text?

    <p>Little inflammatory response but high mortality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is mainly responsible for the spread of Ebola in Kikwit according to the text?

    <p>Poor hospital conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Yellow Fever as an AIDS defining illness from other symptoms in the text?

    <p>Consideration as a pan-hemispheric endemic disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unusual feature of the yellow fever virus helps differentiate it from the Hantavirus?

    <p>Direct transmission through aerosolized rodent excreta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) cases in Kikwit from those in the US?

    <p>Higher mortality rates and age of patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the unsuccessful nature of the yellow fever virus eradication programs in Africa?

    <p>Over-reliance on vaccination without wildlife inclusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of Ebola distinguishes its outbreak in Zaire from the ones in Sudan?

    <p>Isolation from chimpanzees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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