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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a prokaryotic domain in the three-domain system?
Which of the following is a prokaryotic domain in the three-domain system?
- Fungi
- Animalia
- Eukarya
- Bacteria (correct)
Which of the following could be used to sterilize plastic petri plates in a brown paper bag?
Which of the following could be used to sterilize plastic petri plates in a brown paper bag?
- Microwaves
- Sunlight
- Gamma radiation (correct)
- Ultraviolet radiation
- None of the above
Which of the following is probably true about all the experiments that supposedly proved spontaneous generation?
Which of the following is probably true about all the experiments that supposedly proved spontaneous generation?
- The food source could not support life
- Microorganisms were already present
- Too much heat was applied
- Air was lacking
- All of the above (correct)
The endosymbiotic theory hypothesizes that?
The endosymbiotic theory hypothesizes that?
Which of the following eukaryotic organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?
Which of the following eukaryotic organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?
What is an agent of selection in the evolution of resistance?
What is an agent of selection in the evolution of resistance?
Which of the words is used to describe the sum total of DNA in a cell?
Which of the words is used to describe the sum total of DNA in a cell?
To select for streptomycin-resistant bacteria, cells should be grown on media?
To select for streptomycin-resistant bacteria, cells should be grown on media?
The DNA transfer from a donor cell to a recipient cell during cell contact is called?
The DNA transfer from a donor cell to a recipient cell during cell contact is called?
Vertical gene transfer occurs when genes are passed?
Vertical gene transfer occurs when genes are passed?
Mutations are usually beneficial.
Mutations are usually beneficial.
For the evolution of resistance, which of these are required?
For the evolution of resistance, which of these are required?
Which of these is not a step in PCR?
Which of these is not a step in PCR?
Which of these recognizes and cuts specific DNA sequences?
Which of these recognizes and cuts specific DNA sequences?
One advantage of cDNA libraries over genomic libraries is that the cDNA library?
One advantage of cDNA libraries over genomic libraries is that the cDNA library?
In the blue-white screening procedure, the purpose of including X-gal in the culture medium is to?
In the blue-white screening procedure, the purpose of including X-gal in the culture medium is to?
Collections of clones containing random DNA fragments from a whole genome are called?
Collections of clones containing random DNA fragments from a whole genome are called?
The DNA polymerase enzyme, which is produced by a heat-tolerant bacterium, is used in?
The DNA polymerase enzyme, which is produced by a heat-tolerant bacterium, is used in?
Which of the following is a eukaryotic domain in the three-domain system?
Which of the following is a eukaryotic domain in the three-domain system?
Who was the first to observe microorganisms with a microscope?
Who was the first to observe microorganisms with a microscope?
These are the primary molecules making up membranes in cells:
These are the primary molecules making up membranes in cells:
Aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration in which of the following respects?
Aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration in which of the following respects?
Which of the following has to consume carbohydrates for both carbon and energy?
Which of the following has to consume carbohydrates for both carbon and energy?
Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a
Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a
The term facultative anaerobe refers to an organism
The term facultative anaerobe refers to an organism
Which group of the following bacterial growth types and temperatures is mismatched?
Which group of the following bacterial growth types and temperatures is mismatched?
Which group of microorganisms is most likely to spoil a freshwater trout preserved with salt?
Which group of microorganisms is most likely to spoil a freshwater trout preserved with salt?
Which of the following is a good method to sterilize the interior of dense materials without using high heat?
Which of the following is a good method to sterilize the interior of dense materials without using high heat?
One important ecosystem function performed by microorganisms (such as algae and cyanobacteria) is the primary production of biomass through the metabolic process of
One important ecosystem function performed by microorganisms (such as algae and cyanobacteria) is the primary production of biomass through the metabolic process of
The bacteria that are typically present and on the surface of the human body, and which are typically harmless or even helpful to humans are called the '________' microbiota.
The bacteria that are typically present and on the surface of the human body, and which are typically harmless or even helpful to humans are called the '________' microbiota.
What does the scientific debate about spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis tell us about the process of science?
What does the scientific debate about spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis tell us about the process of science?
Which of the following bacterial genus names means 'string of rod-shaped cells'?
Which of the following bacterial genus names means 'string of rod-shaped cells'?
Regarding Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is true?
Regarding Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is true?
Whose work began the 'golden age of microbiology' and included the refinement of aseptic technique?
Whose work began the 'golden age of microbiology' and included the refinement of aseptic technique?
A single celled, eukaryotic, motile organism that ingests its food and has no cell wall is a
A single celled, eukaryotic, motile organism that ingests its food and has no cell wall is a
A prokaryote that lacks peptidoglycan in its cell walls and typically lives in extreme environments is called a
A prokaryote that lacks peptidoglycan in its cell walls and typically lives in extreme environments is called a
What is the typical diameter of bacterial cells?
What is the typical diameter of bacterial cells?
In the name Escherichia coli, Escherichia is the
In the name Escherichia coli, Escherichia is the
One way in which fungi and algae differ from bacteria is that bacteria
One way in which fungi and algae differ from bacteria is that bacteria
What is the primary function of the bacterial cell wall?
What is the primary function of the bacterial cell wall?
What type of bacterium has an extra membrane layer on the outside of the cell wall, which dissolves in alcohol, leaving holes in the peptidoglycan layer and allowing crystal violet-iodine to wash out?
What type of bacterium has an extra membrane layer on the outside of the cell wall, which dissolves in alcohol, leaving holes in the peptidoglycan layer and allowing crystal violet-iodine to wash out?
What is the function of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
What is the function of eukaryotic cilia and flagella?
If a pharmaceutical drug attacks and destroys peptidoglycan, which type of microorganism would it kill?
If a pharmaceutical drug attacks and destroys peptidoglycan, which type of microorganism would it kill?
If a pharmaceutical drug attacks and destroys chitin, would you expect it to have a significant side effect on humans?
If a pharmaceutical drug attacks and destroys chitin, would you expect it to have a significant side effect on humans?
Mitochondria are the sites of _________ in eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria are the sites of _________ in eukaryotic cells.
Which type of molecule is composed of (CH2O) units?
Which type of molecule is composed of (CH2O) units?
Enzymes are a type of __________ composed of a string of amino acids.
Enzymes are a type of __________ composed of a string of amino acids.
Which type of reaction absorbs (requires) energy when it occurs?
Which type of reaction absorbs (requires) energy when it occurs?
The major energy storage molecule found in all organisms is
The major energy storage molecule found in all organisms is
What organism is not correctly matched to its energy source?
What organism is not correctly matched to its energy source?
Which metabolic process produces the fewest ATP molecules?
Which metabolic process produces the fewest ATP molecules?
Which of the following lists the sequence of events during aerobic respiration in the correct order?
Which of the following lists the sequence of events during aerobic respiration in the correct order?
Where in the environment might you find microbes conducting anaerobic respiration?
Where in the environment might you find microbes conducting anaerobic respiration?
Most bacteria grow best at a pH of approximately
Most bacteria grow best at a pH of approximately
Most fungi grow best at a pH of approximately
Most fungi grow best at a pH of approximately
A culture medium consisting of agar, human blood, and beef heart is a
A culture medium consisting of agar, human blood, and beef heart is a
Which chemical nutrient is found in ATP, RNA, DNA, and membranes?
Which chemical nutrient is found in ATP, RNA, DNA, and membranes?
Which of the following nutrients is only needed in small amounts by microorganisms?
Which of the following nutrients is only needed in small amounts by microorganisms?
Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat-sensitive solutions such as antibiotics?
Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat-sensitive solutions such as antibiotics?
Which of the following is NOT true about agar?
Which of the following is NOT true about agar?
Which of the following would be the most effective method to sterilize petri plates inside a cardboard box?
Which of the following would be the most effective method to sterilize petri plates inside a cardboard box?
What types of microbial growth medium makes it easy to visually distinguish colonies of specific types of microbes?
What types of microbial growth medium makes it easy to visually distinguish colonies of specific types of microbes?
Which of the following methods is most effective at killing microbes?
Which of the following methods is most effective at killing microbes?
Which of the following refers to the removal of pathogens and the lowering of microbial numbers, but not the complete destruction of all bacterial life?
Which of the following refers to the removal of pathogens and the lowering of microbial numbers, but not the complete destruction of all bacterial life?
Which of the following is important for the effectiveness of an antimicrobial treatment?
Which of the following is important for the effectiveness of an antimicrobial treatment?
Heat kills microbes by
Heat kills microbes by
Which microbe is most resistant to being killed?
Which microbe is most resistant to being killed?
The major energy storage molecule found in all organisms is
The major energy storage molecule found in all organisms is
Which of the following is the best definition of fermentation?
Which of the following is the best definition of fermentation?
The term obligate anaerobe refers to an organism that
The term obligate anaerobe refers to an organism that
For commercial antimicrobial treatment of canned foods, it is important to kill
For commercial antimicrobial treatment of canned foods, it is important to kill
A single celled, eukaryotic, motile organism that ingests its food is a
A single celled, eukaryotic, motile organism that ingests its food is a
Which of the following is true about penicillin and its discovery?
Which of the following is true about penicillin and its discovery?
Aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration in which of the following respects?
Aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration in which of the following respects?
Some bacteria, such as Clostridium and Bacillus, can form ________, allowing them to resist heat, lack of water, and toxic chemicals.
Some bacteria, such as Clostridium and Bacillus, can form ________, allowing them to resist heat, lack of water, and toxic chemicals.
In the electron transport chain, ATP is generated when
In the electron transport chain, ATP is generated when
A multicellular organism that has chitin cell walls and absorbs organic material is a
A multicellular organism that has chitin cell walls and absorbs organic material is a
Which of the following statements is true?
Which of the following statements is true?
Which type of bacterium has a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan, which dehydrates in alcohol, trapping crystal violet-iodine inside the cell?
Which type of bacterium has a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan, which dehydrates in alcohol, trapping crystal violet-iodine inside the cell?
A capsule or slime that forms a layer on the outside of bacterial cells, allowing them to stick to surfaces, is called a
A capsule or slime that forms a layer on the outside of bacterial cells, allowing them to stick to surfaces, is called a
Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a
Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a
Which of the following has to consume carbohydrates for both carbon and energy?
Which of the following has to consume carbohydrates for both carbon and energy?
Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water, which provides water with some of its most important properties, including surface tension and high heat capacity?
Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water, which provides water with some of its most important properties, including surface tension and high heat capacity?
Which microbes are easiest to kill?
Which microbes are easiest to kill?
Which of the following is a eukaryotic domain in the three domain system?
Which of the following is a eukaryotic domain in the three domain system?
Which of the following organisms reproduces using binary fission?
Which of the following organisms reproduces using binary fission?
Which of the following is a prokaryotic domain in the three domain system?
Which of the following is a prokaryotic domain in the three domain system?
A single-celled organism with a nucleus and chloroplasts is a
A single-celled organism with a nucleus and chloroplasts is a
Which of the following statements is true?
Which of the following statements is true?
Which of the following is true about fungi?
Which of the following is true about fungi?
Which of the following did not occur during the Golden Age of Microbiology?
Which of the following did not occur during the Golden Age of Microbiology?
Most microorganisms are not disease-causing.
Most microorganisms are not disease-causing.
According to the chemiosmotic mechanism, ATP is generated when
According to the chemiosmotic mechanism, ATP is generated when
Archaeans called extreme halophiles prefer to live in environments with high levels of
Archaeans called extreme halophiles prefer to live in environments with high levels of
Laboratory practices that prevent contamination in the lab are called _________ techniques.
Laboratory practices that prevent contamination in the lab are called _________ techniques.
In microscopy, with which objective lens is immersion oil typically used?
In microscopy, with which objective lens is immersion oil typically used?
In which century were microorganisms first observed by humans?
In which century were microorganisms first observed by humans?
Where in the environment might you find microbes conducting anaerobic respiration?
Where in the environment might you find microbes conducting anaerobic respiration?
Which of the following describes the swimming movement of a motile microbe toward the light?
Which of the following describes the swimming movement of a motile microbe toward the light?
A gene is best defined as
A gene is best defined as
Study Notes
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Domains
- Eukaryotic domain in the three-domain system: Eukarya.
- Prokaryotic domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
- Microorganisms in the eukaryotic domain include Fungi, Algae, and Protozoa.
Historical Figures in Microbiology
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: First to observe microorganisms with a microscope.
- Louis Pasteur: Conducted experiments disproving spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization.
- Robert Koch: Refined aseptic techniques; pivotal in establishing germ theory of disease.
Microbial Growth and Nutrition
- Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen.
- Chemoheterotrophs require carbohydrates for both carbon and energy.
- Psychrophiles thrive at low temperatures, while thermophiles prefer warmer environments.
Cellular Components and Functions
- Phospholipids make up cell membranes, providing structure and signaling.
- Mitochondria are sites for cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells.
- Bacterial cell wall protects against osmotic lysis; differs in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Respiratory Pathways
- Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; anaerobic respiration does not.
- Final electron acceptors differ: oxygen for aerobic, various substances for anaerobic respiration.
Enzymatic and Metabolic Processes
- Enzymes are proteins that facilitate biological reactions by lowering activation energy.
- Fermentation is energy production without oxygen, using an internally produced organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
Sterilization and Growth Media
- Aseptic techniques prevent contamination in laboratories.
- Membrane filtration sterilizes heat-sensitive solutions.
- Differential media help distinguish between types of microbes based on their biochemical characteristics.
Microbial Resistance and Evolution
- Endospores are resistant structures formed by some bacteria to survive extreme conditions.
- Antibiotic use acts as a selection agent encouraging the evolution of resistance in bacteria.
Important Microbial Characteristics
- Most bacteria grow best at a neutral pH (~7).
- Fungi prefer slightly acidic environments (~5.5) for optimal growth.
- Viruses cannot reproduce outside a host cell and are neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic.
Key Nutritional Compounds
- ATP is the primary energy storage molecule for all organisms.
- Chitin is a component of fungal cell walls; it differs from bacterial peptidoglycan.
- Microorganisms utilize various nutrients, with some required only in small amounts (e.g., trace elements).
Microscopy and Laboratory Techniques
- Immersion oil is used with 100x objective lenses to improve resolution.
- Autoclaving is effective for sterilization, while dry heat may not be suitable for all materials.
Microbial Interactions
- Normal microbiota are typically harmless or beneficial bacteria associated with humans.
- Mutualistic relationships can aid in nutrient absorption, while pathogenic organisms can cause disease.
Modern Microbiology Research
- The endosymbiotic theory posits eukaryotic cells evolved from engulfed prokaryotic cells.
- Current microbial research focuses on understanding resistance mechanisms and microbial ecosystems.
Microbial Evolution Concepts
- Chemiosmotic mechanism describes ATP generation through proton flow across membranes.
- Understanding microbial genetics aids in applications such as biotechnology and antibiotic resistance studies.
These notes provide a comprehensive overview of critical microbiological concepts, historical milestones, and essential characteristics impacting both research and practical applications in the field.### Gene Transfer and Transformation
- Vertical gene transfer involves the passing of genes from parent to offspring.
- Horizontal gene transfer methods include conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
- Transformation involves the uptake of naked DNA by a bacterium.
Mutations
- Mutations are generally neutral or harmful, not typically beneficial. The statement regarding mutations being usually beneficial is false.
Evolution of Resistance
- The evolution of resistance in organisms requires both mutation and selection.
- Conjugation and plasmid transfer may aid in resistance but are not solely required.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- The process of PCR does not include the copying of mRNA to form DNA; this is a step intrinsic to reverse transcription.
- Steps in PCR include primer hybridization, DNA synthesis, and heating DNA to form single strands.
Restriction Enzymes
- Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific DNA sequences, essential for various DNA manipulation techniques.
cDNA Libraries
- cDNA libraries lack intron sequences, providing a more accurate representation of expressed genes compared to genomic libraries.
- They are useful for cloning eukaryotic genes as they exclude non-coding regions.
Blue-White Screening
- X-gal is included in the culture medium to differentiate between recombinant and non-recombinant plasmids in blue-white screening.
- This method allows for the selection of successful cloning events by color change.
Genomic Libraries
- Genomic libraries contain collections of clones with random DNA fragments from an entire genome.
- cDNA libraries, while also collections of clones, specifically represent expressed genes.
DNA Polymerase
- Heat-tolerant DNA polymerase is predominantly used in the polymerase chain reaction due to its stability at high temperatures during the denaturation phase.
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