BIOL 112 Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Match the prefixes or suffixes with their meanings:

chloro- = green mito- = thread -cyte (or cyto-) = cell eu- = true, good a- (or an-) = without, lack of, not ex- = out of endo- = inside, inner

Match the prefixes or suffixes with their meanings:

water = aqu- (or aqua-) two = bi- across = trans- body = -some (or soma-) between = inter- little, small = -elle color = chrom-

Match the prefixes or suffixes with their meanings:

micro- = small hyper- = above, greater than -plasm = formed substance -phyll = leaf phago- = eat hypo- = below, less than sym- = same

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage, and poison detoxification. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the rough ER?

Protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Protein modification and sorting, and cisternal maturation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

Macromolecule digestion and autophagy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of the endomembrane system?

The endomembrane system is critical for the synthesis, processing, and movement of proteins and lipids in the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes? (Select all that apply)

Lysosomal enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Proteins that are secreted from a eukaryotic cell must first travel through the endomembrane system, beginning with __________.

protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is __________.

transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA Signup and view all the answers

The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic to prokaryotic cells?

1000:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes an endomembrane function?

Products of the ER are usually modified during their transit from the cis to the trans region of the Golgi apparatus. Signup and view all the answers

The diameter of a typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times the diameter of a typical prokaryote. Which statement describes this?

As the diameter of a cell increases, other dimensions also change. Signup and view all the answers

What is found in prokaryotic cells?

Nucleoid. Signup and view all the answers

What is found in eukaryotic cells only?

Nucleolus, mitochondria, and lysosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Plasma membrane, ribosomes, and flagella. Signup and view all the answers

In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are?

Microtubules. Signup and view all the answers

Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by __________ which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.

Intermediate filaments. Signup and view all the answers

Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into __________.

Microtubules. Signup and view all the answers

The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of __________.

Intermediate filaments. Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of __________.

Microfilaments. Signup and view all the answers

Choose the letter that indicates the organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA.

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?

Mitochondrion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?

Nuclear envelope. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is composed of DNA and protein.

Chromatin. Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the __________.

Nucleolus. Signup and view all the answers

__________ are the sites of protein synthesis.

Ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organelles manufactures proteins bound for secretion out of the cell?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.

Plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Where is calcium stored?

Smooth ER. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?

Microtubules. Signup and view all the answers

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.

Basal bodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?

Peroxisome. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these provides the cell with structural support?

Microfilaments Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell.

False Signup and view all the answers

Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton.

The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

Ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

The endoplasmic reticulum is part of the endomembrane system, which also includes the __________.

Nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. Signup and view all the answers

The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized __________.

In the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus. Signup and view all the answers

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions. Signup and view all the answers

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized __________.

In the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

The region of a bacterial cell that contains the genetic material is called the __________.

Nucleoid. Signup and view all the answers

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________.

The plasma membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Chromosomes are only visible as a cell is about to divide.

True Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell they have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm.

True Signup and view all the answers

The endosymbiont theory explains the origins of __________.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts. Signup and view all the answers

Cell motility, which includes changes both in cell location and in the movement of cell parts, requires interactions of the cytoskeleton __________.

With motor proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Observing a fluorescent micrograph cell with intermediate filaments would help you identify the cell as a __________.

Human skin cell. Signup and view all the answers

Animal cells have unique organelles called that are composed of structures called .

Centrosomes; centrioles. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization. Signup and view all the answers

Microfilaments function in cell motility including __________.

Muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming in plants. Signup and view all the answers

The organelle that is a plant cell's compartment for the storage of inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride is the __________.

Central vacuole. Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?

Subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores. Signup and view all the answers

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?

Cilia. Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of cell junctions in plant and animal cells:

Cell junctions in plant cells = Plasmodesmata Communicating junctions in animal cells = Gap junctions Signup and view all the answers

Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.

True Signup and view all the answers

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?

Motor proteins. Signup and view all the answers

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________.

Secrete a lot of protein. Signup and view all the answers

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.

Plasmodesmata. Signup and view all the answers

The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except a middle lamella.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?

Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Signup and view all the answers

The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell __________.

Is the cytoskeleton. Signup and view all the answers

The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is __________.

To synthesize proteins that are secreted as glycoproteins. Signup and view all the answers

Cells are small because __________.

Of the geometric relationships between surface and volume. Signup and view all the answers

Evidence that supports the prokaryotic origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts are all of the following except that mitochondria and chloroplasts have multiple copies of linear DNA molecules associated with their inner membranes.

False Signup and view all the answers

__________ are membrane-bound metabolic compartments that specialize in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its conversion to water.

Peroxisomes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Structures and Their Functions

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage, and detoxification of poisons.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Responsible for synthesizing proteins destined for secretion.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins; involved in cisternal maturation where molecules are altered as they move through.
Lysosomes: Digest macromolecules and facilitate autophagy, the process of recycling cellular components.

Endomembrane System

The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.
Proteins synthesized in the rough ER are processed in the Golgi apparatus before being transported in vesicles.

Ribosomes

Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins such as insulin and lysosomal enzymes.
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured in the nucleolus and play a key role in protein synthesis.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells are approximately ten times larger than prokaryotic cells, leading to a volume ratio of about 1000:1.
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have a region called the nucleoid containing genetic material.

Cell Membrane and Transport

The plasma membrane is a selective barrier regulating material passage in and out of the cell.
Tight junctions between intestinal cells prevent fluid leakage.

Cytoskeleton Functions

Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, the cytoskeleton provides structural support and facilitates cell movement.
Myosin motor proteins interact with microfilaments during muscle contraction, while microtubules assist in organelle movement and cilia/flagella movement.

Plant and Animal Cell Differences

Plant cells possess a central vacuole for storing ions, while animal cells do not have a large central vacuole.
Both types of cells use mitochondria for cellular respiration; chloroplasts are exclusive to plant cells.

Golgi Apparatus and Protein Secretion

An extensive Golgi apparatus indicates a high capacity for protein secretion.
Golgi apparatus processes incoming ER products with modifications during their transit from cis to trans regions.

Endosymbiont Theory

Explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts, suggesting they evolved from engulfed prokaryotic cells.

Cell Junctions

In plant cells, plasmodesmata serve as channels allowing transport between neighboring cells; in animal cells, gap junctions fulfill a similar communication function.

Cytoplasmic Components

Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide as a metabolic by-product.
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network that can be quickly reconfigured to support cell function and shape.

General Cellular Mechanics

Cells are small due to geometric relationships, balancing surface area and volume for efficient material exchange.
Intermediate filaments provide structural integrity and assist in anchoring organelles within cells.

Cellular Structures and Their Interrelationships

The smooth ER and rough ER work together in synthesis and processing of lipids and proteins, respectively.
The ribosomal protein subunits and lysosomal proteins are synthesized in the rough ER and modified in the Golgi apparatus.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts share characteristics with prokaryotes, supporting the endosymbiont theory through their own DNA and ribosomes.

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This quiz features flashcards designed for BIOL 112 Chapter 6, covering essential vocabulary and definitions. It focuses on prefixes and suffixes related to biology, helping students enhance their understanding of key terms. Test your knowledge of these terms to excel in your biology coursework.

BIOL 112 Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Match the prefixes or suffixes with their meanings:

Match the prefixes or suffixes with their meanings:

Match the prefixes or suffixes with their meanings:

What is the function of the smooth ER?

What is the function of the rough ER?

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

What is the function of lysosomes?

What is the route of the endomembrane system?

Which of the following proteins are synthesized by bound ribosomes? (Select all that apply)

Proteins that are secreted from a eukaryotic cell must first travel through the endomembrane system, beginning with __________.

Beginning within the nucleus, the first step leading to the synthesis of a polypeptide is __________.

The outer surface of smooth ER lacks ribosomes, whereas the outer surface of rough ER has ribosomes.

What is the ratio of the volume of typical eukaryotic to prokaryotic cells?

Which statement correctly describes an endomembrane function?

The diameter of a typical eukaryotic cell is approximately ten times the diameter of a typical prokaryote. Which statement describes this?

What is found in prokaryotic cells?

What is found in eukaryotic cells only?

What is present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are?

Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by __________ which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins.

Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into __________.

The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of __________.

During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of __________.

Choose the letter that indicates the organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA.

Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration?

Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus?

The __________ is composed of DNA and protein.

Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the __________.

__________ are the sites of protein synthesis.

Which of these organelles manufactures proteins bound for secretion out of the cell?

The __________ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell.

Where is calcium stored?

Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products?

Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell?

_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.

Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product?

Which of these provides the cell with structural support?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are part of the endomembrane system of the eukaryotic cell.

Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton.

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

The endoplasmic reticulum is part of the endomembrane system, which also includes the __________.

The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized __________.

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized __________.

The region of a bacterial cell that contains the genetic material is called the __________.

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________.

Chromosomes are only visible as a cell is about to divide.

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell they have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm.

The endosymbiont theory explains the origins of __________.

Cell motility, which includes changes both in cell location and in the movement of cell parts, requires interactions of the cytoskeleton __________.

Observing a fluorescent micrograph cell with intermediate filaments would help you identify the cell as a __________.

Animal cells have unique organelles called __________ that are composed of structures called __________.

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Microfilaments function in cell motility including __________.

The organelle that is a plant cell's compartment for the storage of inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride is the __________.

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?

Match the types of cell junctions in plant and animal cells:

Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________.

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.

The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except a middle lamella.

Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?

The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell __________.

The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is __________.

Cells are small because __________.

Evidence that supports the prokaryotic origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts are all of the following except that mitochondria and chloroplasts have multiple copies of linear DNA molecules associated with their inner membranes.

__________ are membrane-bound metabolic compartments that specialize in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its conversion to water.

Study Notes

Cellular Structures and Their Functions

Endomembrane System

Ribosomes

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Membrane and Transport

Cytoskeleton Functions

Plant and Animal Cell Differences

Golgi Apparatus and Protein Secretion

Animal cells have unique organelles called that are composed of structures called .