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What is the main focus of bioethics on organ donation and transplantation?
What are the four prima facie principles in bioethics?
What is intellectual property?
How many categories is intellectual property divided into?
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What is included in Industrial Property?
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What is covered by Copyright?
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When was the importance of intellectual property first recognized?
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Why is it important to promote and protect intellectual property?
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What is a characteristic of trade secret protection?
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When did patent-like incentives first appear in ancient Greece?
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What was the effect of high patent application fees in Britain?
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Why did America's founders view intellectual property rights as vital?
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What was the result of early patent systems in Europe?
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What was unique about America's patent system?
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How did America's founders view intellectual property rights?
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What was the impact of high patent application fees on the population?
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What is the primary purpose of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)?
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What is the fundamental idea behind the Natural Rights Theory of intellectual property?
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What happens to an invention after the limited time of exclusive ownership has expired?
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What is the name of the organization that administered intellectual property rights in Malaysia prior to 1983?
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What is the primary objective of the Bargain Theory of intellectual property?
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What is the name of the organization that resulted from the restructuring of the Ministry of Trade and Industry in 1990?
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What is the main benefit of protecting intellectual property rights, according to WIPO?
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What is the purpose of the exclusive right granted to inventors under the Natural Rights Theory?
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What is the primary function of intellectual property rights?
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What is the main difference between patents and copyrights?
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What is the primary purpose of trademarks?
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What is the main characteristic of trade secrets?
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What is protected by copyrights?
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What is the duration of patent protection?
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What is the main difference between patents and trade secrets?
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What is the primary benefit of intellectual property rights to society?
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What was the main task of the Division?
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When did the Industrial Designs Act 1996 come into force?
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What is the main difference between a patent and a utility innovation?
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What is a patent?
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What is the acronym of the Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia?
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What is the third requirement for a patentable invention?
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When was the Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia Act 2002 enforced?
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What is the significance of 3 March 2005?
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Study Notes
Bioethics
- Focuses on various topic areas, including:
- Organ donation and transplantation
- Genetic research
- Death and dying
- Environmental concerns
Principles of Bioethics
- Four prima facie principles:
- Respect for autonomy
- Beneficence
- Non-maleficence
- Justice
Intellectual Property
- Refers to creations of the mind, including:
- Inventions
- Literary and artistic works
- Symbols
- Names
- Images used in commerce
Types of Intellectual Property
- Divided into two categories:
- Industrial Property
- Copyright
Industrial Property
- Includes:
- Patents for inventions
- Trademarks
- Industrial designs
- Geographical indications
Copyright
- Covers:
- Literary works (e.g., novels, poems, plays)
- Films
- Music
- Artistic works (e.g., drawings, paintings, photographs, sculptures)
- Architectural design
Importance of Intellectual Property
- Recognized in:
- Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883)
- Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886)
- Both treaties are administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Reasons to Promote and Protect Intellectual Property
- Encourages:
- Progress and well-being of humanity
- Commitment of additional resources for further innovation
- Economic growth, creation of new jobs and industries, and enhancement of quality of life
Patents
- An intellectual property right granted by a government to an inventor
- Gives the inventor the exclusive right to the invention for up to 20 years
- In exchange for disclosing the details of the new technology to society
Copyright
- An intellectual property right granted by a government to the author of an original literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, or other eligible creative work
- Gives the creator the exclusive right to control how the work is published, reproduced, performed, or displayed for a limited time
Trademarks
- An intellectual property right granted by a government to an individual, business, or legal entity
- Gives the creator the exclusive right to use a distinctive word, name, symbol, or device to distinguish their products or services
Trade Secrets
- A law that requires the intellectual property to be protected and not publicly disclosed
Differences between Intellectual Properties
- Patents: protect new, useful, and non-obvious inventions
- Trademarks: protect source identifications, usually for brands, slogans, logos, or designs
- Copyrights: protect original textual works and visual or artistic expressions
- Trade secrets: protect valuable secret information
History of Patents
- Originated in ancient Greece in 500 BC
- Spread throughout Europe through the 1700s
- Early patent systems reinforced the wealth of elites instead of the welfare and productive capacity of the whole of society
Rationale for Issuing a Patent
- America's founders viewed intellectual property rights as vital to the nation's economic survival
- Designed a patent system to stimulate the inventive genius and entrepreneurial energy of the common man
Philosophy of Intellectual Property
- Two justifications:
- Bargain Theory: society gives the inventor the exclusive right to their invention for a limited time in exchange for disclosure
- Natural Rights Theory: discusses the inventors' inherent rights of property, and the government enforces the inventor's exclusive property right for a limited time
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
- Established in 1970
- Dedicated to helping ensure that the rights of creators and owners of intellectual property are protected worldwide
- Recognizes and rewards inventors and authors for their ingenuity
Malaysia Intellectual Property (MyIPO)
- Previously administered by Pejabat Cap Dagangan dan Jaminhak (prior to 1983)
- Established as Intellectual Property Division in 1990
- Corporatized in 2003 as the Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia (PHIM)
- Rebranded as MyIPO in 2005
Objectives of MyIPO
- (Objectives not specified in the text)
Definition of Patent
- An exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem
Definition of Utility Innovation
- An exclusive right granted for a "minor" invention that does not require to satisfy the test of inventiveness as required of a patent
Patentable Inventions
- Must be:
- New, meaning not publicly disclosed anywhere in the world
- Involves an inventive step, meaning not obvious to someone with knowledge and experience in the technological field
- Industrially applicable, meaning it can be mass produced
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Description
Test your knowledge of bioethics, including principles and topics such as organ donation and genetic research, as well as intellectual property concepts like inventions and literary works.
