Introduction to Ethics and Bioethics

Questions and Answers

What does deontological ethics focus on when determining the rightness of an action?

Consequences of the action

Cultural norms and societal acceptance

The character of the moral agent

Moral obligations based on God's commands (correct)

Which ethical theory suggests that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture?

Teleological Ethics

Deontological Ethics

Ethical Relativism (correct)

Utilitarianism

What is the primary focus of ethical pragmatism in medical decision-making?

Theoretical understanding of ethics

Truth and meaning in ethical reasoning (correct)

Cultural norms in ethical behavior

Strict adherence to moral rules

According to utilitarianism, what should be the basis for determining if an action is right?

The results and consequences of the action Signup and view all the answers

In virtue ethics, how is the moral rightness of an action evaluated?

By considering how a virtuous person would act Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of Kant's categorical imperative?

Maximizing personal happiness Signup and view all the answers

What does act utilitarianism emphasize when making ethical choices?

Producing the greatest good for the greatest number Signup and view all the answers

How does bioethics relate to traditional medical practices?

It integrates ethical theory with medical decision-making. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of rule utilitarianism?

Following rules that promote long-term benefits for many Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical theory suggests that moral actions should focus on maximizing pleasure?

Hedonism Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes altruism from other teleological ethics?

The motivation to benefit others Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of bioethics emphasizes respect for individuals' decisions?

Autonomy Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between ignorance and negligence?

Ignorance is about lack of experience, negligence is about carelessness. Signup and view all the answers

Which quality is emphasized in virtue ethics as a pathway to becoming virtuous?

Experience and learning from others Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of non-maleficence advocate?

Avoiding harm to others Signup and view all the answers

What is eudaimonia as described in virtue ethics?

A life of moral and ethical fulfillment Signup and view all the answers

What does the Doctrine of res ipsa loquitur imply in cases of negligence?

An injury’s presence suggests negligence if the instrument was under defendant's control. Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Supreme Court affirm the decision in the case involving Cantre?

The existence of injury justified the presumption of negligence. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for determining Dr. Gutierrez's negligence in the Ramos case?

Anesthesia administration does not normally lead to brain damage. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the legal cases mentioned, what is the captain of the ship doctrine?

The primary surgeon is liable for all operative errors during surgery. Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the Supreme Court's ruling in the case involving Dr. Batiquin?

Surgical procedures must meet the standard of care expected from professionals. Signup and view all the answers

What must occur for a claim of negligence to be valid?

A duty was owed and breached Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the principle that an employer is responsible for the actions of its employees while they perform their job?

Respondeat superior Signup and view all the answers

In the context of negligence, who is typically entitled to collect damages on behalf of an unborn child?

The parents of the unborn child Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary element that must be established in professional negligence cases?

Expert testimony supported by relevant texts Signup and view all the answers

According to the principle of proximate cause in negligence, what is required?

There must be a direct correlation between the duty and the injury Signup and view all the answers

Which article emphasizes that every person must act with justice and honesty?

Article 19 Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the case involving Dr. Milagros Cantre and the spouses Go?

Only a portion of the damages was granted Signup and view all the answers

What does genetic screening allow individuals to do?

Select genes for proper detection of genetic diseases Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Josef Mengele's unethical practices at Auschwitz concentration camp?

Interchanging blood between identical twins Signup and view all the answers

What principle was NOT included in the 1947 research ethics guidelines for human experimentation?

Research must benefit participants directly Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of the Tuskegee syphilis study?

To learn about the natural progression of untreated syphilis Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment involved psychological effects of perceived power?

Stanford prison experiment Signup and view all the answers

What ethical issue was prevalent in the dermatological experiments at Holmesburg Prison?

Illiteracy among prisoners affecting informed consent Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Mengele's philosophy is reflected in the rationale for his experiments?

Advancing medical knowledge justifies unethical treatment Signup and view all the answers

What aftermath did the Tuskegee syphilis study participants face after its unethical practices were revealed?

Lifetime medical benefits and burial services Signup and view all the answers

What term explains the ability of ordinary people to commit terrible acts under certain conditions?

Banality of evil Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ethics and Bioethics Overview

Ethics relates to philosophical reflections on morality and the application of moral codes in professional fields.
Focuses on individuals' search for meaning in human problems encompassing logical, epistemological, cosmological, ethical, aesthetic, or scientific domains.

Schools of Ethics

Ethical Relativism: Morality varies according to cultural norms; acknowledges societal diversity.
Ethical Pragmatism: Centers on knowledge, truth, and meaning; applicable in areas like medical decision-making.

Bioethics

Medical ethics that deal with moral issues in healthcare.
Deontological Ethics: Focus on the morality of actions themselves rather than outcomes.
Teleological Ethics: Morality of an action judged by the outcome it produces.
Virtue Ethics: Evaluates actions based on how a virtuous person would act in similar situations.

Deontological Ethics

Divine Command Theory: Morality defined by God's commands.
Categorical Imperative (Kant): Actions should be universalizable; humans valued as ends in themselves.

Teleological Ethics

Utilitarianism: Actions are right if they promote the greatest good; established by philosophers like John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham.
Act vs. Rule Utilitarianism:
- Act: Perform actions yielding the greatest good.
- Rule: Adhere to rules fostering the greatest good.

Additional Teleological Concepts

Hedonism: Pursuit of maximum pleasure as life's goal.
Egoism: Actions are right when they benefit oneself.
Asceticism: Voluntary abstinence from pleasures.
Altruism: Acting to benefit others.
Negative Consequentialism: Focus on minimizing harm.

Principles of Bioethics

Autonomy: Respect for individuals' decision-making.
Beneficence: Actions aimed at benefiting others; maximize good over evil.
Non-maleficence: Obligation to avoid causing harm.
Justice: Fair treatment and application of legal ethics.

Ignorance and Negligence

Ignorance: Lack of knowledge or competence in performing actions.
Negligence: Failure to exercise reasonable care leading to harm.

Historical Accounts

Code of Hammurabi: Early legal benchmark outlining laws and penalties, including medical malpractice.
Hippocratic Oath: Fundamental ethical standards for physicians.

Key Moral Issues

Abortion, Euthanasia, Genetic Engineering including genetic screening, interventions, stem-cell therapy, and IVF.

Understanding Negligence

Establishes that a duty was owed, unmet, leading to harm.
Plaintiff: Individuals seeking compensation for damages.
Defendant: Entities held liable for negligence.

Professional Negligence

Determined through expert testimony regarding care required in a professional context.

Ethical Cases and Research Violations

Significant ethical violations in human experimentation illustrated by historical instances, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and experiments conducted at Holmesburg Prison.
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment: Demonstrated psychological effects of perceived power and authority on behavior.

Ethical Dilemma

Debate over the moral acceptability of utilizing scientific data obtained unethically remains prevalent.

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Description

Explore the foundations of ethics and bioethics through philosophical reflections on morality. This quiz delves into the application of a moral code in professional settings and examines various ethical theories. Understand the individual’s search for meaning while confronting human dilemmas.

Introduction to Ethics and Bioethics

Questions and Answers

What does deontological ethics focus on when determining the rightness of an action?

Which ethical theory suggests that morality is relative to the norms of a particular culture?

What is the primary focus of ethical pragmatism in medical decision-making?

According to utilitarianism, what should be the basis for determining if an action is right?

In virtue ethics, how is the moral rightness of an action evaluated?

Which component is NOT part of Kant's categorical imperative?

What does act utilitarianism emphasize when making ethical choices?

How does bioethics relate to traditional medical practices?

What is the primary focus of rule utilitarianism?

Which ethical theory suggests that moral actions should focus on maximizing pleasure?

What distinguishes altruism from other teleological ethics?

Which principle of bioethics emphasizes respect for individuals' decisions?

What is a key difference between ignorance and negligence?

Which quality is emphasized in virtue ethics as a pathway to becoming virtuous?

What does the principle of non-maleficence advocate?

What is eudaimonia as described in virtue ethics?

What does the Doctrine of res ipsa loquitur imply in cases of negligence?

Why did the Supreme Court affirm the decision in the case involving Cantre?

What was the primary reason for determining Dr. Gutierrez's negligence in the Ramos case?

In the context of the legal cases mentioned, what is the captain of the ship doctrine?

What can be inferred from the Supreme Court's ruling in the case involving Dr. Batiquin?

What must occur for a claim of negligence to be valid?

Which term refers to the principle that an employer is responsible for the actions of its employees while they perform their job?

In the context of negligence, who is typically entitled to collect damages on behalf of an unborn child?

What is a primary element that must be established in professional negligence cases?

According to the principle of proximate cause in negligence, what is required?

Which article emphasizes that every person must act with justice and honesty?

What was the outcome of the case involving Dr. Milagros Cantre and the spouses Go?

What does genetic screening allow individuals to do?

What was one of Josef Mengele's unethical practices at Auschwitz concentration camp?

What principle was NOT included in the 1947 research ethics guidelines for human experimentation?

What was the primary objective of the Tuskegee syphilis study?

Which experiment involved psychological effects of perceived power?

What ethical issue was prevalent in the dermatological experiments at Holmesburg Prison?

Which aspect of Mengele's philosophy is reflected in the rationale for his experiments?

What aftermath did the Tuskegee syphilis study participants face after its unethical practices were revealed?

What term explains the ability of ordinary people to commit terrible acts under certain conditions?

Study Notes

Ethics and Bioethics Overview

Schools of Ethics

Bioethics

Deontological Ethics

Teleological Ethics

Additional Teleological Concepts

Principles of Bioethics

Ignorance and Negligence

Historical Accounts

Key Moral Issues

Understanding Negligence

Professional Negligence

Ethical Cases and Research Violations

Ethical Dilemma

Studying That Suits You

Description

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