Bioenergetics and Metabolism Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary location for aerobic respiration in cells?

Mitochondria.

Describe the process of anaerobic respiration in muscles during intense exercise.

During intense exercise, muscles undergo anaerobic respiration, converting glucose into lactic acid and releasing energy.

What happens to lactic acid produced in muscles after exercise?

Lactic acid is transported to the liver, where it is oxidized to carbon dioxide or converted back to glucose.

Explain how glucose is utilized in plants.

In plants, glucose is used to create cellulose for cell walls and starch for energy storage. Signup and view all the answers

List the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.

Light intensity, carbon dioxide levels, and temperature. Signup and view all the answers

In what form is excess protein processed in the body?

Excess protein is converted to urea and excreted by the kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

The equation is: glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water. Signup and view all the answers

What is the metabolic role of glycogen in humans?

Glycogen serves as a storage form of glucose for energy in humans. Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of a pathogen's life cycle?

Pathogens infect a host, replicate or reproduce, and spread to infect other organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes communicable diseases from non-communicable diseases?

Communicable diseases can be transferred between individuals, while non-communicable diseases cannot be caught from others. Signup and view all the answers

Why are viruses not considered living organisms?

Viruses do not complete all 7 life processes, such as respiration and nutrition. Signup and view all the answers

How does HIV affect an infected individual over time?

Initially, infections might cause mild flu-like symptoms, but later it can develop into AIDS that severely weakens the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main transmission method of measles?

Measles is transmitted through the air in tiny droplets when an infected person sneezes. Signup and view all the answers

What role do antiviral drugs play in the treatment of HIV/AIDS?

Antiviral drugs slow the development of AIDS but do not cure the HIV infection. Signup and view all the answers

What structural features make viruses effective at infecting host cells?

Viruses have a protein coat surrounding their DNA, which allows them to attach and penetrate host cells. Signup and view all the answers

Name a deficiency disease caused by insufficient vitamin C.

Scurvy is a deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Bioenergetics

Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are essential components for the body.
Respiration occurs in mitochondria, a controlled and slow process.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water.
Glucose reacts with oxygen in the cells. It is used to make new molecules in the cell
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, producing lactic acid from glucose.
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Muscles need more oxygen during exercise and long periods of vigorous activity.
Lactic acid builds up during intense activity, lowering glycogen reserves
Oxygen debt accumulates during rigorous exercise, resulting in the body requiring more oxygen to recover.
Low glycogen levels lead to muscle fatigue, requiring additional oxygen.
The liver oxidizes lactic acid into carbon dioxide or glucose to replenish liver and muscle glucose levels.

Metabolism

Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in the body.
Glucose in plants strengthens cell walls, stored as starch or used for protein synthesis
Glucose in humans is stored as glycogen, and forms lipids when combined with fatty acids.
Excess protein is converted to urea, eliminated by the kidneys.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Factors affecting photosynthesis include light intensity, carbon dioxide, and temperature
Rate of oxygen production, carbon dioxide uptake, and carbohydrate production can be measured.
Photosynthesis rate is slightly affected by respiration.

Infections and Responses

Pathogens infect a host, reproduce, and spread to other organisms.
Communicable diseases can be transmitted between individuals.
Genetic disorders and deficiency diseases are not communicable.
Viruses are non-living entities, consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat.
HIV/AIDS is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency virus, transmitted through body fluids. Symptoms are initially mild, evolving into AIDS that damages the immune system.

Measles

Measles is a highly contagious viral infection transmitted through droplets.
It results in fever and skin rash.
Measles can lead to severe health complications.

Malaria

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium protists, transmitted by mosquitoes.
Symptoms include headaches, vomiting, diarrhea, and damage to blood and liver cells.
Mosquito nets and reducing standing water can help prevent malaria.

Athletes Foot

Athletes foot is a fungal infection characterized by dry, flaky, red skin, or cracked skin.
It commonly affects the feet in communal areas.

Rose Black Spot

Rose black spot is a fungal disease that affects plants.
It causes black spots on plant leaves, often leading to leaf defoliation.
Plants can be saved by removing affected plants and disposing of them correctly or burning the plants.

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Description

Explore the essential components of bioenergetics, focusing on the roles of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins in respiration. This quiz covers aerobic and anaerobic processes, the impact of exercise on oxygen demand, and how the body recovers from energy expenditure, including lactic acid metabolism.