Chapter 1
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Chapter 1

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following factors determine the capacity of each energy system during exercise?

  • Exercise intensity
  • Exercise duration
  • Skeletal muscle fiber type
  • All of the above (correct)

    • Which energy system contributes variable amounts of ATP during each exercise condition?

  • All energy systems contribute the same amount of ATP
  • ATP-PC system
  • Glycolytic system (correct)
  • Oxidative system

    • Which of the following is NOT a factor that determines the capacity of each energy system?

  • Exercise intensity
  • Exercise duration
  • Exercise modality (resistance vs. aerobic) (correct)
  • Skeletal muscle fiber type

    • Which of the following is the basic energy unit used to measure heat production in metabolic reactions?

    <p>Kilocalorie</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of converting substrates to energy through a series of enzymatic steps called?

    <p>Bioenergetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways plays a larger role in energy production during low- to moderate-intensity exercise?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the molecules that, when combined, form a specific end product called?

    <p>Substrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzyme essentially controls the entire biochemical pathway?

    <p>Rate-controlling enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can influence the capacity of each energy system during exercise?

    <p>Skeletal muscle fiber type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy system is primarily responsible for ATP production during high-intensity exercise?

    <p>Phosphagen system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following exercise types is likely to have a greater impact on the capacity of the oxidative system?

    <p>Aerobic training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which energy system contributes the least amount of ATP during low-intensity exercise?

    <p>Phosphagen system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of this chapter?

    <p>The adaptation of energy systems to exercise training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major contributor to energy metabolism?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid contains single bonds between each of the carbon atoms?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the storage form of lipids in the body?

    <p>Triacylglycerols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that catabolizes a triacylglycerol down to its functional components?

    <p>Lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fate of proteins once their nitrogen is removed?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the final electron acceptor in complex IV?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are intermediary steps required in electron transfer?

    <p>To gradually transfer high-energy electrons to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if oxygen simply accepted the electrons from NADH without intermediary steps?

    <p>All the energy would be released as heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using intermediary complexes in electron transfer?

    <p>To gradually transfer high-energy electrons to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the intermediary steps in electron transfer?

    <p>To gradually transfer high-energy electrons to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when two protons and electrons are combined with oxygen in complex IV?

    <p>Formation of water (H2O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the consequence if the energy transfer in electron transfer was not gradual?

    <p>The free energy drop would be too severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxygen in complex IV?

    <p>To combine with protons and electrons to form water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the consequence if oxygen simply accepted the electrons from NADH?

    <p>All the energy would be released as heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the free energy drop too severe if oxygen simply accepts the electrons from NADH?

    <p>To gradually transfer high-energy electrons to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During starvation, muscle protein is broken down rapidly to amino acids and transported to the liver for glucose synthesis. Which amino acids are considered the main ones utilized for this purpose?

    <p>Glutamine, glutamate, and alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common TCA intermediaries that are generated from the free amino acids?

    <p>α-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate, and fumarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During glucose oxidation, how many turns of the TCA cycle occur?

    <p>Two turns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an RER value of 0.70 indicate when measuring expired gases?

    <p>100% metabolism coming from fat oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring CO2 production and RER during exercise?

    <p>To provide information about exercise intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for the shift toward carbohydrate metabolism during high-intensity exercise?

    <p>Increased levels of ATP/ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant carbohydrate during prolonged and intense exercise?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At high-intensity exercise, what value does the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) approach?

    <p>1.00</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to fatty acid oxidation rates during intense exercise?

    <p>They decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decline in fatty acid transport into the contracting muscle during intense exercise?

    <p>Decreased adipose tissue blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fiber is more depleted of glycogen during prolonged low-intensity exercise?

    <p>Type I fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fiber is more depleted during short bouts of high-intensity exercise?

    <p>Type IIA fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fiber has higher levels of stored PCr?

    <p>Type IIX fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy Systems and Exercise

    • Capacity of energy systems is determined by factors such as intensity and duration of exercise, availability of substrates, and enzyme activity.
    • The glycolytic system contributes variable amounts of ATP, adapting to exercise conditions based on intensity and duration.
    • Factors NOT determining energy system capacity include psychological and motivational elements.

    Basic Energy Unit and Metabolic Processes

    • The basic energy unit used to measure heat production is the calorie.
    • Conversion of substrates to energy through enzymatic steps is termed metabolic pathways.

    Energy Production Roles

    • The oxidative system plays a larger role in energy production during low- to moderate-intensity exercise.
    • Molecules that combine to form a specific end product are referred to as substrates.
    • Enzymes that control biochemical pathways are known as rate-limiting enzymes.

    Influences on Energy System Capacity

    • Factors influencing the capacity of energy systems during exercise include training state, nutritional status, and environmental conditions.
    • The phosphagen system is primarily responsible for ATP production during high-intensity exercise.
    • Resistance training is likely to have a greater impact on the oxidative system.

    ATP Contribution and Exercise Intensity

    • The creatine phosphate system contributes the least ATP during low-intensity exercise.
    • Major contributors to energy metabolism include carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, while fiber type is NOT a major contributor.

    Fatty Acids and Lipid Storage

    • Saturated fatty acids contain single bonds between carbon atoms.
    • The storage form of lipids in the body is triacylglycerol.
    • Catabolism of triacylglycerol to functional components is called lipolysis.

    Protein Metabolism and Electron Transport Chain

    • The primary fate of proteins after nitrogen removal is conversion to glucose or energy.
    • Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in complex IV of the electron transport chain.
    • Intermediary steps in electron transfer are critical to prevent abrupt energy transfer and ensure controlled energy release.

    Role of Oxygen

    • If oxygen accepted electrons from NADH directly, the energy release would be excessively high, causing cellular damage.
    • Oxygen’s role in complex IV is to facilitate the combined reaction with protons and electrons, ultimately resulting in water production.

    Starvation and Amino Acid Utilization

    • During starvation, amino acids like alanine and glutamine are mainly utilized for glucose synthesis in the liver.
    • Common TCA intermediaries from free amino acids include alpha-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate.

    TCA Cycle and Respiratory Exchange Ratio

    • During glucose oxidation, each glucose molecule leads to two turns of the TCA cycle.
    • An RER value of 0.70 indicates predominant fat oxidation during exercise.
    • Measuring CO2 production and RER assesses substrate utilization during physical activity.

    Carbohydrate Metabolism in Exercise

    • The shift toward carbohydrate utilization during high-intensity exercise is driven by increased adrenaline levels and elevated energy demands.
    • Glycogen is the dominant carbohydrate utilized during prolonged and intense exercise.
    • During high-intensity exercise, RER approaches 1.0, indicating increased carbohydrate reliance.

    Fatty Acid Oxidation and Muscle Fiber Types

    • Fatty acid oxidation rates decline during intense exercise due to reduced transport into contracting muscle.
    • Type I muscle fibers are more depleted of glycogen during prolonged low-intensity exercise, while type II fibers are more depleted during short, high-intensity bouts.
    • Type II fibers have higher levels of stored phosphocreatine (PCr).

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