Bioenergetics and Cellular Respiration Overview

<p>Requires an investment of ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is converted to acetyl-CoA and CO2 is released (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy in the form of ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serves as an electron acceptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the cytoplasmic fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetyl-CoA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxaloacetate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction-oxidation (redox) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FADH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hans Adolf Krebs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Matrix of mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Citric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>36 to 38 ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fermentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer electrons during fermentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>9 kcal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates both NADH and FADH2. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH-Q reductase complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfers electrons from NADH-Q reductase to the next complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome c oxidase complex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduction of oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome c oxidase complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ubiquinone is a fixed component of the electron transport chain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate ATP for cellular work (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facultative anaerobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It gets reduced (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To donate electrons with high energy content. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (O2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A proton gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic respiration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It powers ATP synthesis as protons diffuse back into the matrix. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exergonic process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize ATP using the energy from the proton gradient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.

Process where cells break down glucose to generate ATP, the cell's energy currency.

Process where plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.

An organism that requires oxygen to survive and thrive.

An organism that can live without oxygen.

Organism that can survive with or without oxygen.

The powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration takes place.

The main energy currency of cells, used for various cellular processes.

A series of protein complexes and electron carriers embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen, generating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

Molecules that can accept and donate electrons, facilitating the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain.

Electron carriers can exist in two states: oxidized (missing electrons) and reduced (gained electrons). They cycle between these states during electron transfer.

Chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons from a donor (reducing agent) to an acceptor (oxidizing agent).

NADH-Q reductase complex. It accepts electrons from NADH and passes them to ubiquinone (Q).

Succinate-Q reductase complex. It accepts electrons from FADH2 and passes them to ubiquinone (Q).

Cytochrome b/c1 reductase complex. It accepts electrons from ubiquinone (Q) and passes them to cytochrome c.

Cytochrome c oxidase complex. It accepts electrons from cytochrome c and passes them to molecular oxygen, producing water. This is where the majority of the energy is released.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a key step in cellular respiration.

A molecule that enters the Krebs cycle and carries two carbon atoms from pyruvate.

A series of reactions that completes the breakdown of glucose, generating energy carriers like NADH and FADH2.

Another name for the Krebs cycle, named after the first molecule produced.

A four-carbon molecule that starts the Krebs cycle and is regenerated at the end.

The inner membrane of mitochondria where the electron transport chain is located.

An uneven distribution of protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane, with a higher concentration in the intermembrane space than in the matrix.

The process of using the energy stored in the proton gradient to synthesize ATP.

An enzyme complex that acts as a channel for protons to flow back into the matrix, using the energy to synthesize ATP.

The production of ATP through a series of redox reactions in the electron transport chain, coupled with the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

As electrons move through the electron transport chain, they lose energy at each step.

Oxygen (O2) is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain, forming water (H2O).

NADH and FADH2 are the primary electron donors in the electron transport chain, carrying high-energy electrons from metabolic reactions.

The double-membrane mitochondrion creates four distinct compartments: the outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, and matrix. The inner membrane folds into cristae, increasing surface area for ATP production.

The complete breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy stored in ATP. The overall equation is: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy (ATP)

Aerobic respiration involves four main stages: glycolysis, formation of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain/chemiosmosis. Each stage extracts energy from glucose in a step-by-step process.

Glycolysis is the initial breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and doesn't require oxygen.

Glycolysis has two phases: an energy investment phase where ATP is used and an energy liberation phase where ATP and NADH are produced.

Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP molecules, and 2 NADH molecules. These products are then used in the subsequent stages of respiration.

Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria. This involves removing a carbon atom from pyruvate as carbon dioxide.

The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA takes place inside the mitochondria, specifically in the mitochondrial matrix.

Aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule yields a maximum of 36 to 38 ATP. This includes ATP produced during glycolysis, pyruvate grooming, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that are produced during glycolysis, pyruvate grooming, and the Krebs cycle. They donate electrons to the electron transport chain, generating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

An anaerobic process that regenerates NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to an organic molecule. This allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

Besides glucose, cells can use carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as fuel sources. These molecules are broken down into intermediates that enter glycolysis or the Krebs cycle.

The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH.