Biodiversität Vorlesungsfragen

Biodiversität Vorlesungsfragen

• Schutzbedrohte Arten in Deutschland: Feldhamster, Iltis, Schweinswal are three endangered species in Germany.
• Alpha-Diversität: Measures the species richness (and distribution) in a habitat. Used to compare habitats with the same sample size.
• Beta-Diversität: Measures changes in species diversity across different areas within a habitat. Often used along environmental gradients.
• Schlüsselarten (Keystone Species): Species with disproportionately large impact on their ecosystem relative to their abundance. Example: Sea otters regulate sea urchin numbers, preventing kelp forest destruction.
• Arten nationaler Verantwortung: Species for which Germany has special responsibility. This includes species found only in Germany, species with significant global populations in Germany, or critically endangered species worldwide.
• Streng geschützte vs. besonders geschützte Arten: All strictly protected species are also protected, but not all protected species are strictly protected.

Weitere Themen

• Naturschutzakteure: Government agencies, scientists, NGOs (Non-governmental organizations), policymakers, and affected local communities (e.g. residents, farmers).
• Ziel des Bundesnaturschutzgesetzes (BNatSchG): Conservation of biodiversity, safeguarding ecosystem functions, and preserving the beauty of nature.
• NATURA 2000 Richtlinien: Defines principles behind protected area networks based on the EU Habitats Directive and Bird Directive.
• Höchste Schutzkategorie: National Parks. Prohibits human intervention aimed at controlling nature.
• Schutzgebietskategorien: Different types of protected areas (e.g. national parks, nature reserves, etc.).
• Gesetzlich geschützte Biotope: Protected habitats that aren't specifically designated as protected areas. Based on §30 BNatSchG.
• Internationale Naturschutzabkommen: Legal frameworks for international cooperation on conservation, e.g. CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity).
• Integration internationaler Abkommen: Domestic laws incorporate international agreements.
• IPBES: Intergovernmental science policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services that assess the state of biodiversity to advise policymakers.
• Konfliktarten im Naturschutz: Examples are conflicts between wildlife and farming.

Konflikte und Management

• Konfliktursachen: Some species (e.g., beavers, wolves, cormorants) can damage property.
• Nicht zielführende Jagdstrategien: Problems frequently arise from unsustainable approaches, like killing too many animals in an effort to manage populations.
• Carrying Capacity (Tragfähigkeit): The maximum population size of a species that can be sustained in a given habitat without damaging the ecosystem.
• Managementpläne: Include prevention strategies, recompense for damages.
• Home Ranges (Aktionsräume) and Determination Methods: Area routinely used by an animal comprising of activities. Methods for determining ranges (e.g. Minimum Convex Polygon, Kernel Density Estimates).
• Neobiota: Species introduced to a new habitat often successfully due to lower competition and predation.
• Invasive Arten: Types of non-native species threatening ecosystems.
• Hypothesen zu den Erfolgen invasiver Arten: A major hypothesis is that they lack natural predators, reducing their energy expenditure on defence.
• Einschleppungswege für Neobiota: Deliberate introduction, accidental introduction, or transport with other materials or organisms.
• Archäobiota: Species native to a particular region before 1492.
• Räumliche Skalen im Naturschutz: Local, regional, and landscape scales for monitoring biodiversity.
• Typen von Individuen: Unitäre Organismen (defined by a fixed structure). Modulare Organismen (defined by repeating modules).
• Populationsdichte (Measuring Population Density): Methods for assessing population size.
• Effektive Populationsgröße (Ne): Size of breeding individuals in a population.
• Metapopulation Konzept: Group of different but interacting populations, where individuals move between populations.

Weitere Themen

• Offene vs. geschlossene Populationen: Open populations allow for species movement in and out; closed populations prevent this.
• Exponentielles Wachstum: Population growth increases by a constant factor each time period. This reaches its limit when resources become scarce.
• Dichtelimitiertes Wachstum (Logistisches Wachstum): Population growth slows as the population increases, reaching a stable size.
• Naturschutzfachliche Fragestellungen: Questions related to the conservation of nature, including questions about species distribution, management conflicts, and conservation status.
• Bürgerbeteiligung im Naturschutz: Supporting public participation in conservation projects.
• Umweltverträglichkeitsuntersuchung (UVPG): Analysis of environmental impacting projects/developments. This analysis looks at potential damage to the environment.
• Grenzwerte: In the UVPG context, these thresholds define the limits of acceptable environmental impact.
• Genehmigungsverfahren: Series of steps for environmental permits.
• Funktionelle Diversität: Measures how much diverse aspects of a population contribute to the function of an ecosystem.
• Ökosystemleistungen: Values that humans derive from ecosystems.
• Redundante Arten: Species performing similar ecological roles.
• Globale Biodiversität: Global diversity and monetary value.
• Pariser Klimaziel: Goal to limit global warming beyond 2°C.
• Klimawandel & Biodiversität: Impact of climate change on biodiversity and efforts to reverse it.
• Citizen Science Projekte: Scientific investigations with public participation.
• Wissenschaftliche Analyse: Data collection and statistical analysis of data in scientific investigations.