Biochemistry of Phospholipids and Eicosanoids
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is considered the simplest structure of phospholipids?

  • phosphatidic acid (correct)
  • phosphatidylcholine
  • phosphatidylethanolamine
  • phosphatidylserine

    • Phospholipids are predominant lipids in which of the following?

  • cytosol
  • cell membrane (correct)
  • extracellular matrix
  • nucleus

    • Which of the following phospholipids does not contain a glycerol backbone?

  • phosphatidylethanolamine
  • sphingomyelin (correct)
  • phosphatidic acid
  • phosphatidylinostol

    • Which phospholipid's degradation affects calcium release and protein phosphorylation in the cell?

    <p>Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the degradation products of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate?

    <p>Diacylglycerol (DAG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phospholipid serves as a reservoir of arachidonic acid for prostaglandin synthesis?

    <p>phosphatidylinositol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is composed of repeating disaccharide units?

    <p>glycosaminoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biological structure has the ability to bind large amounts of water and forms a gel-like matrix in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>chondroitin sulfates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipase is primarily involved in the production of second messengers?

    <p>Phospholipase C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which steroid is recognized as the most potent?

    <p>Betamethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds can be classified as eicosanoids?

    <p>Thromboxanes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for the biochemical synthesis of prostaglandins?

    <p>Desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is essential for maintaining healthy gastric tissue and is produced constitutively?

    <p>COX 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is an appropriate leukotriene modifier for a pediatric asthma patient?

    <p>Montelukast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct dosage of montelukast for a four-year-old child?

    <p>A 4 mg chewable tablet taken once daily in the evening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arachidonic acid can be converted in the body by which of the following? Select all that apply

    <p>Leukotrines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method to administer granules to a child as advised?

    <p>Mix with a spoonful of cool, mashed carrots and administer within minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known warning associated with the use of Singulair?

    <p>Neuropsychiatric events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of long-term prednisone therapy?

    <p>Increased muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indication for Lovaza?

    <p>To lower triglycerides in patients with TGs ≥ 500 mg/dL as an adjunct to diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient would require caution when prescribed Vascepa?

    <p>A patient allergic to fish or shellfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism through which aspirin exerts its antiplatelet effects?

    <p>Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom might indicate toxicity from aspirin, when used with bismuth subsalicylate?

    <p>Heart burn and dyspepsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent is specifically noted for having a high degree of selectivity for cyclooxygenase-2?

    <p>Celebrex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for using aspirin in a patient with chest pain?

    <p>Inhibit platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which NSAID is generally regarded as the safest option for patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI)?

    <p>Naproxen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate action regarding the child's use of aspirin given their past response?

    <p>The occasional use of aspirin for mild illness in children is acceptable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options correctly describes a mechanism of action of epoprostenol?

    <p>It is a prostacyclin analogue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial counseling point for a patient receiving Flolan?

    <p>The drug must be protected from light during administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is least likely to trigger a respiratory reaction in a patient with a history of nasal polyps and asthma after using aspirin?

    <p>Acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient weighing 75 kg receiving a continuous epoprostenol infusion of 3.8 mL/hr from two 1.5 mg vials diluted to 100 mL, what is the calculated dose in ng/kg/min?

    <p>12.7 ng/kg/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct over-the-counter dosing for ibuprofen for an adult?

    <p>200 mg tablets, Q4-6 hours, take 1-2 as needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the drug Arthrotec?

    <p>This drug contains an NSAID and the prostaglandin analog misoprostol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true regarding the infusion of epoprostenol?

    <p>The drug must be administered protected from light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor does aspirin inhibit to exert its therapeutic effects?

    <p>Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the patient's medical history, what is a significant concern regarding the use of celecoxib?

    <p>Celecoxib is not an appropriate choice for this patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication listed does NOT act as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor?

    <p>Epoprostenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum appropriate daily dosage of aspirin for this child?

    <p>10 mg/kg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly identifies a safer alternative for analgesia in this patient experiencing adverse reactions to aspirin?

    <p>Acetaminophen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the mother be advised regarding the use of aspirin formulations in children?

    <p>Enteric-coated aspirin is preferred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication provides the strongest protection from NSAID-induced gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding?

    <p>Rabeprazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two agents are combined in the prescription for Yosprala?

    <p>Naproxen and esomeprazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct mechanism of action for naproxen?

    <p>Inhibits cyclooxygenase to reduce prostaglandin formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient requires an NSAID with high COX-2 selectivity but finds Celebrex too expensive, which of the following would be the best alternative?

    <p>Mobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum combined duration of treatment for ketorolac across all formulations?

    <p>5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statements about ketorolac is correct?

    <p>Begin with oral or nasal therapy and switch to IV as soon as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for the antiplatelet medication provided on a patient’s discharge list?

    <p>Inhibits thromboxane A2 to prevent platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of the Lidoderm patch?

    <p>Local pain relief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Phospholipid Structure and Function

    • Phosphatidic acid is the simplest structure of phospholipids.
    • Phospholipids are predominant lipids in cell membranes.
    • Some phospholipids lack a glycerol backbone, like sphingomyelin.
    • Degradation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate affects calcium release and protein phosphorylation.
    • Arachidonic acid and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) are degradation products of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
    • Phosphatidylinositol is a reservoir of arachidonic acid and a substrate for prostaglandin synthesis.
    • Certain products contain omega-3 fatty acids, like lovaza.

    Biological Structures

    • Glycosaminoglycans are composed of repeating disaccharide units.
    • Glycosaminoglycans, along with collagen, elastin, and fibronectin, make up the extracellular matrix.
    • Some biological structures, such as glycosaminoglycans, are composed of repeating disaccharide units.

    Phospholipases and Lipids

    • Phospholipases, such as phospholipase A1, A2, B, C, and D, are enzymes that specifically act on phospholipids.
    • Phospholipase A2 plays a role in producing secondary messengers.
    • Certain phospholipases, particularly phospholipase A2, release arachidonic acid, a precursor to prostaglandins.
    • Steroids, such as hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, and betamethasone, are classified as such.

    Eicosanoids, NSAIDs and Other Drugs

    • Arachidonic acid is a precursor to prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which are eicosanoids.
    • Eicosanoids, which include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are considered eicosanoids.
    • NSAIDs like Ibuprofen, naproxen affect prostaglandin production.
    • Celecoxib is an NSAID with high COX-2 selectivity.
    • Certain drugs, like celecoxib, are associated with high COX-2 selectivity.

    Other Medications

    • Montelukast is a leukotriene modifier used to treat asthma.
    • Aspirin is an NSAID used for pain relief, but is associated with side effects that need to be carefully considered like upset stomach.
    • Epoprostenol is a prostacyclin analogue.
    • P2Y12 receptors are targeted by some medications.

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    Biochemistry PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental structures and functions of phospholipids and eicosanoids in biochemistry. This quiz covers key concepts such as degradation products, enzymatic roles, and their impact on cellular processes. Perfect for students studying biochemistry or related fields.

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