Biochemistry of Lipids and Carbohydrates

An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in its hydrocarbon chain.

Fats are composed of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules.

Phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group, while triglycerides have glycerol and three fatty acids.

<p>Cholesterol is important for cell membrane structure and is a precursor for various hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols, commonly found on hair, skin, and plant surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary structure of a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids in its polypeptide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolipids contain glycerol, fatty acids, and simple sugars, while phospholipids include glycerol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyunsaturated fatty acids are believed to lower blood cholesterol levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterols have a structure composed of fused hydrocarbon rings and a long hydrocarbon side chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins serve vital functions and are essential building blocks for both animals and plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars, and their general formula is (CH₂O)n.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sucrose is made of glucose and fructose, and lactose is composed of glucose and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reducing sugars have a free aldehyde or ketone group that can reduce Benedict's reagent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homopolysaccharides are polymers of one type of monosaccharide; an example is starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose serves as the major fuel for living cells and is metabolized to release energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose is a ketohexose that has a five-carbon ring structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are converted into long polymer chains called polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disaccharides are formed from the combination of two monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose and fructose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch has both unbranched (amylose) and branched (amylopectin) forms, while glycogen is more branched with shorter distances between side chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as the most important fuel for energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose is a disaccharide that produces glucose and galactose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymerization through condensation reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose forms the structural component of cell walls in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose is a six-carbon sugar with a ketone functional group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates provide energy for metabolism and contribute to structural components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A triglyceride is formed from glycerol and three fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids consist of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group; they form cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Waxes are solid at ordinary temperatures, whereas fats may be liquid or solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sterols, such as cholesterol, are important components that help maintain membrane stability and fluidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple lipids, which include fats and waxes, are formed from the combination of fatty acids and alcohols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compound lipids are esters of fatty acids with other groups like phosphates or sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triglycerides serve as a source of high-energy nutrients and energy storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple proteins are soluble in water and can be hydrolyzed by simple acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histones are an example of a protein that is not coagulated by heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugated proteins consist of a simple protein plus a non-protein component.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haemoglobin is an example of a conjugated protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Derived proteins are produced from native proteins via hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides consist of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scientists like Miescher discovered nucleic acids in pus cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers