Basic of Biochemistry: Carbohydrates and Lipids
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Questions and Answers

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

  • (CH2O)n (correct)
  • (CH2)n
  • (C5H10O5)n
  • (C6H12O6)n

    • What is the primary function of structural lipids in membranes?

  • Providing structure and support (correct)
  • Protein synthesis
  • Cell signaling
  • Energy storage

    • What is the process by which energy is formed in the body?

  • Substrate level phosphorylation
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Electron transport chain
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the primary function of polysaccharides?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sugar that can reduce another molecule?

    <p>Reducing sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of isomerism that occurs when a molecule has a non-superimposable mirror image?

    <p>Enantiomerism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Fischer and Haworth projection formulas?

    <p>To represent the structure of simple carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a carbohydrate consisting of 2-10 monosaccharides?

    <p>Oligosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of peptidoglycans?

    <p>N-acetylmuramic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glycosaminoglycans is sulfate-free?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down the glycosidic bond in chitin?

    <p>Chitinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the structure and function of glycans?

    <p>Glycobiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a glycoprotein?

    <p>Hemagglutinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collective set of glycans in an organism?

    <p>Glycome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the 2022 Nobel laureate in Chemistry for her work on glycans?

    <p>Carolyn Bertozzi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hemagglutinin in influenza virus?

    <p>To recognize sialic acid residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic that distinguishes monosaccharides from other types of carbohydrates?

    <p>They contain a small number of carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links monosaccharides in a polysaccharide?

    <p>Glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a homopolysaccharide?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bond that connects glucose units in cellulose?

    <p>β1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of starch in plant cells?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down cellulose?

    <p>Cellulase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the repeating unit found in chitin?

    <p>N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of bond that connects glucose units in glycogen?

    <p>α1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of α-D-glucose to β-D-glucose in an aqueous solution?

    <p>40:60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of polysaccharide that contains more than one type of monosaccharide?

    <p>Heteropolysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

    • Syllabus topics: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, structure and function of biologically important sugar derivatives, digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body
    • Objectives: differentiate between monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, understand chirality, stereoisomers, enantiomers, epimers, and anomers, recognize reducing and non-reducing sugars, draw and name simple carbohydrates using structural formulas, Fischer and Haworth projection formulas

    Nomenclature

    • Simple carbohydrates can be classified based on the number of carbon atoms (e.g., triose, pentose, hexose) or functional group (e.g., ketose, aldose)
    • Polysaccharides can be classified by the number of sugar molecules in the chain (e.g., monosaccharide, disaccharide, trisaccharide)

    Classification

    • Monosaccharides: consist of one sugar containing 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 carbon atoms
    • Disaccharides: composed of two monosaccharides
    • Oligosaccharides: contain a small number (typically 3-10) of monosaccharides
    • Polysaccharides: polymers made up of many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

    Monosaccharides

    • Monosaccharides are colorless, crystalline solids that are freely soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents
    • They have a sweet taste
    • Examples: glucose, ribose, deoxyribose

    Fischer Projection

    • A method of representing the three-dimensional structure of a molecule in a two-dimensional format
    • Used to show the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

    Enantiomers and Epimers

    • Enantiomers: non-superimposable mirror images of each other
    • Epimers: monosaccharides that differ in configuration at only one carbon atom

    Glucose

    • Exists in a cyclic α-D-glucose form and an open chain conformation
    • Can be found in an aqueous solution as a mixture of α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose

    Polysaccharides

    • Homopolysaccharides: polymers containing a single type of monosaccharide (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)
    • Heteropolysaccharides: polymers containing more than one type of monosaccharide (e.g., peptidoglycan)

    Energy Storage Polysaccharides

    • Starch: found in plant cells, composed of amylose and amylopectin
    • Glycogen: found in animal cells

    Structural Polysaccharides

    • Cellulose: found in plant cell walls, composed of thousands of repeating glucose units connected by β1-4 glycosidic bonds
    • Chitin: found in the exoskeleton of animals, composed of repeating N-acetylglucosamine units linked by β1-4 glycosidic bonds

    Glycoconjugates

    • Consist of a small number of carbohydrate units (oligosaccharides) covalently attached to a core protein
    • Examples: peptidoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

    Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins

    • Proteoglycans: contain glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate
    • Glycoproteins: contain oligosaccharides attached to a protein backbone

    Structure of Cell Membrane and Glycoproteins

    • Glycoproteins play a role in cell-cell recognition and adhesion
    • The influenza virus recognizes sialic acid residues on glycoproteins

    Importance of Glycobiology

    • Glycans play a crucial role in various biological processes and are implicated in many diseases
    • The "glycome" is considered the next big thing in health and medicine
    • Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 was awarded for contributions to the field of glycobiology

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    Basic Biochemistry Lecture 1 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of biochemistry, focusing on carbohydrates, glycobiology, and lipids. It includes topics such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and biologically important sugar derivatives.

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