Biochemistry Quiz: Carbohydrates and Lipids
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Questions and Answers

What are the two primary possibilities that can occur with biochemical substances in humans?

  • Metabolism and Catabolism
  • Consumption and Elimination
  • Deficiency and Excess (correct)
  • Absorption and Distribution

    • Which of the following is an example of disaccharide carbohydrates?

  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
  • Maltose (correct)

    • Which structure is not part of the four main structural representations of carbohydrates?

  • Fischer Projection
  • Linear Projection (correct)
  • Chair Conformation
  • Haworth Projection

    • What is the term used for sugars that contain one molecule of sugar?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily indicated by elevated levels of SGPT in the blood?

    <p>Liver problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functional groups is characteristic of ketoses?

    <p>Ketone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of enzymes in the human body?

    <p>Transport and regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is classified as a lipid?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is a component of the cell membrane?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural characteristic of steroids?

    <p>Four fused rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fatty acids is categorized as non-polar?

    <p>Phenylalanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the type of bond that links amino acids to form peptides.

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is classified as acidic?

    <p>Aspartic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are eicosanoids derived from?

    <p>Arachidonic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes isoprene?

    <p>A diene with two double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cortisol play when used as medication?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond occurs in sucrose?

    <p>Alpha-1,2 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of saturated fatty acids?

    <p>They contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polysaccharide is known for being a component of starch?

    <p>Amylose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modification is found in sucralose compared to normal sugars?

    <p>Hydroxyl groups replaced with chlorine atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following polysaccharides is a non-reducing sugar?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glycolipid is characterized by having sugar residues attached to a sphingosine backbone?

    <p>Glycosphingolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fatty acid type is characterized by having a cis double bond?

    <p>Unsaturated fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which compound is used as a gelling agent in modified polysaccharides?

    <p>Pectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What suffix is generally used for naming enzymes, according to their nomenclature rules?

    <p>-ase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is classified as an oxidoreductase?

    <p>Lactate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzyme is responsible for transferring a functional group from one substrate to another?

    <p>Transferases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes catalyzes hydrolytic reactions?

    <p>Proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lyases in enzymatic reactions?

    <p>Formation of double bonds by group removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is correctly paired with its classification group?

    <p>Lipase - Hydrolases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do peroxidases play in chemical processes?

    <p>Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is specifically indicated to have elevated levels in liver inflammation?

    <p>Alanine aminotransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzyme regulation involves the modification of the active site due to changes in environmental conditions?

    <p>Allosteric regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which feedback inhibition regulates enzyme activity?

    <p>By the end product inhibiting the initial enzyme in the pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cofactors play in enzyme activity?

    <p>They modify the enzyme's active site, impacting its function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is NOT commonly used in major diagnostic tests?

    <p>Protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to some polypeptides before they become active enzymes?

    <p>They are cleaved by proteases into smaller active fragments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does competitive inhibition occur in enzyme activity?

    <p>By binding to the active site, preventing substrate attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of methionine cleavage in protein activity?

    <p>It allows immediate activation of the protein without synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the catalytic site from the buttressing site in enzymes?

    <p>The catalytic site binds to substrates while the buttressing site does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which derivative of phenylalanine is responsible for the fight or flight response?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ferritin in the body?

    <p>Storage of iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is known as a transport protein for oxygen in the blood?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of antibodies is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

    <p>To speed up chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between two amino acids in a dipeptide?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is specifically known for providing immunity?

    <p>Gammaglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating red blood cell production?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry Introduction

    • Biochemistry is the study of biological molecules and the processes they undergo.
    • This includes studying substances that cause problems in human bodies, including deficiencies or excesses of substances.
    • Clinical chemistry involves analyzing biochemical substances, which are important for monitoring bodily functions.

    Enzymes

    • Critical components for substance transport.
    • Many proteins act as transporters.
    • High albumin levels often relate to dehydration.
    • Enzymes often end with "-ase" (e.g., amylase, ALT/SGPT).

    Hormones

    • Hormones regulate, stimulate, and counter-effect biological processes.
    • Examples include TSH, FSH, LH, and testosterone.
    • Measuring blood glucose (FBS and RBS) are essential in monitoring diabetes.

    Metabolic Pathways

    • Metabolic pathways describe how simpler substances become more complex or simpler ones are broken down.
    • Catabolism breaks down complex substances into simpler ones.
    • Anabolism builds complex substances from simpler ones.
    • High fat content increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

    Carbohydrates

    • Chemically, carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon (with a chemical formula of CHO).
    • Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
    • Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
    • They contain aldehyde or ketone functional group
    • The classification also includes aldoses, which have aldehyde functional group at C1, and ketoses, which have ketone functional group at C2.

    Lipids

    • Lipids, like fats and oils, are nonpolar and hydrophobic.
    • They are crucial for long-term energy storage, cell membranes, thermal insulation and protection.

    Proteins

    • Proteins, composed of amino acids, serve as major carrier and abundant proteins (e.g., Albumin).
    • Four Protein Structures: Fischer, Haworth, chair conformation, and mutarotation.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids, either DNA or RNA, hold genetic information and are crucial for protein synthesis.
    • They are composed of nucleotides.
    • Nucleotides include the nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of biochemistry, focusing on carbohydrates, lipids, and enzymes in the human body. This quiz covers structural representations, functional groups, and essential biochemical substances that play a vital role in human health.

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