Biochemistry LE 3: Integration of Carbohydrates and Lipids

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What is the primary way to control the rate of an enzyme?

Modifying the catalytic site of the enzyme

Increasing the concentration of the substrate

Changing the pH of the reaction

Changing the number of enzymes through gene expression (correct)

What is rapid control in enzymatic regulation?

Refers to the activity of enzymes due to covalent modification or allosteric regulation (correct)

Regulation of enzyme activity through substrate binding

Refers to the number of enzymes due to gene expression

Regulation of enzyme activity through allosteric regulation

What is the main factor that affects enzyme activity?

The concentration of the substrate

The pH of the reaction

The temperature of the reaction

The binding of a substrate or product within the catalytic site (correct)

What is the difference between slow control and rapid control?

Slow control refers to the number of enzymes, while rapid control refers to the activity of enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of slow control?

The number of enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of rapid control?

Covalent modification or allosteric regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of substrate binding on enzyme activity?

It increases the enzyme activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of enzymatic regulation?

To maintain homeostasis in response to changes in the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between enzymatic regulation and glucose homeostasis?

Enzymatic regulation is necessary for glucose homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What type of modification is depicted in the regulation of PK through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation?

Reversible covalent modification Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of insulin in the well-fed state?

To activate phosphoprotein phosphatases Signup and view all the answers

What type of inhibitor is defined as a compound that decreases the velocity of the reaction by binding to the enzyme?

Reversible inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

It is a close structural analog of the substrate Signup and view all the answers

What type of inhibition is depicted in the figure showing malonate with succinate dehydrogenase?

Competitive inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of removing a phosphate group from a protein?

Dephosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormonal state during the well-fed state?

Predominantly insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of adding a phosphate group to a protein?

Phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What type of inhibitor binds to an allosteric site of the enzyme?

Non-competitive inhibitor Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Hexokinase in terms of Km and Vmax?

Low Km and low Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Fructose-6-Phosphate on glucokinase?

It facilitates the movement of glucokinase from the cytosol to the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the activator of glucokinase?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin on glycogen synthase?

It dephosphorylates glycogen synthase, activating it Signup and view all the answers

What type of regulation is involved in the modification of glycogen synthase?

Covalent modification Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Glucokinase in terms of Km and Vmax?

High Km and high Vmax Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of Pyruvate kinase during the well-fed state?

Dephosphorylated Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucose on glucokinase bound to regulatory proteins?

It stimulates the dissociation of glucokinase from regulatory proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Hexokinase and Glucokinase in terms of genetic regulation?

Glucokinase is induced by insulin, while Hexokinase is not Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a high-calorie diet on the gene for acetyl CoA carboxylase?

It increases the rate of transcription of the gene. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of citrate in fatty acid synthesis?

It allosterically activates acetyl CoA carboxylase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a low-calorie diet on the gene for acetyl CoA carboxylase?

It reduces the rate of transcription of the gene. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate product of fatty acid synthesis that inhibits the enzyme?

Palmitoyl CoA Signup and view all the answers

What activates the enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase during fatty acid synthesis?

Dephosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of insulin in fatty acid synthesis?

It stimulates the phosphatase that dephosphorylates acetyl CoA carboxylase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of low energy levels on the enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase?

It is phosphorylated and inactivated Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of palmitoyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis?

It inhibits acetyl CoA carboxylase Signup and view all the answers

What type of regulation is involved in the inactivation of acetyl CoA carboxylase during fasting?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the activity of HMG-CoA reductase when cholesterol and bile salts levels increase in cells?

It becomes more susceptible to ubiquitination and proteolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sterol-sensing regions in HMG-CoA reductase?

To regulate the enzyme's activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin release on PFK-2 kinase?

It dephosphorylates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon release on Pyruvate kinase?

It phosphorylates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin release on Glycogen synthase?

It dephosphorylates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon release on Glycogen phosphorylase?

It phosphorylates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of insulin release on Pyruvate dehydrogenase?

It dephosphorylates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of glucagon release on Acetyl CoA carboxylase?

It phosphorylates the enzyme Signup and view all the answers

What is the net result of insulin release on liver metabolism?

Glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Biochemistry LE 3: Integration of Carbohydrates and Lipids

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary way to control the rate of an enzyme?

What is rapid control in enzymatic regulation?

What is the main factor that affects enzyme activity?

What is the difference between slow control and rapid control?

What is the primary target of slow control?

What is the primary mechanism of rapid control?

What is the effect of substrate binding on enzyme activity?

What is the purpose of enzymatic regulation?

What is the relationship between enzymatic regulation and glucose homeostasis?

What type of modification is depicted in the regulation of PK through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation?

What is the primary function of insulin in the well-fed state?

What type of inhibitor is defined as a compound that decreases the velocity of the reaction by binding to the enzyme?

What is the characteristic of a competitive inhibitor?

What type of inhibition is depicted in the figure showing malonate with succinate dehydrogenase?

What is the term for the process of removing a phosphate group from a protein?

What is the hormonal state during the well-fed state?

What is the term for the process of adding a phosphate group to a protein?

What type of inhibitor binds to an allosteric site of the enzyme?

What is the characteristic of Hexokinase in terms of Km and Vmax?

What is the effect of Fructose-6-Phosphate on glucokinase?

What is the activator of glucokinase?

What is the effect of insulin on glycogen synthase?

What type of regulation is involved in the modification of glycogen synthase?

What is the characteristic of Glucokinase in terms of Km and Vmax?

What is the state of Pyruvate kinase during the well-fed state?

What is the effect of glucose on glucokinase bound to regulatory proteins?

What is the difference between Hexokinase and Glucokinase in terms of genetic regulation?

What is the result of a high-calorie diet on the gene for acetyl CoA carboxylase?

What is the role of citrate in fatty acid synthesis?

What is the effect of a low-calorie diet on the gene for acetyl CoA carboxylase?

What is the ultimate product of fatty acid synthesis that inhibits the enzyme?

What activates the enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase during fatty acid synthesis?

What is the function of insulin in fatty acid synthesis?

What is the result of low energy levels on the enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase?

What is the role of palmitoyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis?

What type of regulation is involved in the inactivation of acetyl CoA carboxylase during fasting?

What happens to the activity of HMG-CoA reductase when cholesterol and bile salts levels increase in cells?

What is the function of the sterol-sensing regions in HMG-CoA reductase?

What is the effect of insulin release on PFK-2 kinase?

What is the effect of glucagon release on Pyruvate kinase?

What is the effect of insulin release on Glycogen synthase?

What is the effect of glucagon release on Glycogen phosphorylase?

What is the effect of insulin release on Pyruvate dehydrogenase?

What is the effect of glucagon release on Acetyl CoA carboxylase?

What is the net result of insulin release on liver metabolism?

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